Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Diseases: A Severe Threat to Agriculture

Bertaccini, Assunta; Duduk, Bojan; Paltrinieri, Samanta; Contaldo, Nicoletta

doi:10.4236/ajps.2014.512191

Cited by 304 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…Hasil fotosintesis menumpuk pada kloroplas dan terjadi peningkatan konsentrasi gula pada daun sehingga menyebabkan gangguan fisiologi pada tanaman yang ditandai dengan gejala-gejala khas. Gejala khas pada tanaman yang terinfeksi fitoplasma meliputi proliferasi tunas kecil pada ketiak cabang, phyllody (pembentukan daun dari struktur bunga), kerdil, dan pemanjangan ruas batang yang abnormal (Bertaccini et al 2014).…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Cara Preservasi Fitoplasma dari Jaringan Kacang Tanah Bergejala Sapu untuk Deteksi DNA dengan Teknik PCR

Pulogu

Mutaqin

Giyanto

2017

J Fitopatol Indones

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ABSTRAKPenyakit sapu (witches' broom) oleh fitoplasma pada kacang tanah adalah penyakit umum di Indonesia. Fitoplasma dapat dideteksi dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan deteksi fitoplasma ialah penyediaan DNA dari contoh segar. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi beberapa cara preservasi sampel tanaman terinfeksi fitoplasma. Aspek yang dievaluasi meliputi waktu (1, 2, 3, dan 4 minggu), suhu (-20 °C, 4 °C, dan 25 °C), dan medium preservasi (bufer PGB 1X, NaCl 3 M, bufer CTAB, Alkohol 70%, tanpa medium, dan kertas FTA) untuk mempertahankan jaringan tanaman terinfeksi supaya tetap segar. Cara preservasi yang baik akan mengoptimalkan deteksi DNA fitoplasma dengan teknik PCR standar yang dilanjutkan dengan teknik nested-PCR. Penyimpanan pada suhu -20 °C, 4 °C dan 25 °C dalam medium CTAB dapat mempertahankan jaringan tetap segar selama 4 minggu dengan kualitas dan kuantitas DNA yang cukup untuk deteksi dengan teknik PCR. Teknik PCR standar dengan pasangan primer P1/P7 menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua DNA fitoplasma dari hasil preservasi contoh terdeteksi positif. Namun, PCR standar yang dilanjutkan dengan nested-PCR menggunakan primer fU5/rU5 mampu meningkatkan pendeteksian fitoplasma yang berasal dari preservasi contoh pada berbagai medium selama 4 minggu dengan memberikan hasil positif dari contoh yang terdeteksi negatif pada teknik PCR standar. Kata kunci: nested-PCR, PCR standar, penyimpanan, sapu kacang tanah ABSTRACTWitches' broom of peanut caused by phytoplasma is a common disease found in Indonesia. Phytoplasma is able to be detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. One of important factor which determine the successful of phytoplasma amplification is the DNA availability from fresh tissues. The research was aimed to evaluate some preservation methods of phytoplasma from infected plant samples. The aspects to be evaluated consisted of time (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks), temperature (-20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C), and preservation medium (1X PGB buffer, 3 M NaCl, CTAB buffer, 70% ethanol, non medium, and FTA-card) for storing the fresh phytoplasma infected samples. Good preservation method will optimize the phytoplasma DNA amplification using PCR standard technique followed by nested-PCR. The results showed that preservation of samples at -20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C in CTAB buffer was able to maintain the tissue freshness for 4 weeks and was able to provide the DNA of either quality or quantity sufficiently for PCR detection. PCR standard using a primer pair P1/P7 showed that not all of the preserved DNA of phytoplasma were amplified positively. However, standard PCR followed by nested-PCR using primer pair fU5/rU3 was able to increase the DNA detectability. Preserved samples

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Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Cara Preservasi Fitoplasma dari Jaringan Kacang Tanah Bergejala Sapu untuk Deteksi DNA dengan Teknik PCR

Pulogu

Mutaqin

Giyanto

2017

J Fitopatol Indones

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“…Phytoplasma-induced diseases occur in a range of economically important crops and are therefore major threats in agriculture worldwide [1]. Phytoplasma are cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria vectored by insects belonging to the order Hemiptera [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Panassiti¹

2018

New Insights Into Bayesian Inference

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Phytoplasma diseases cause major economic damage on crops worldwide. To draw inferences from such a system, joint estimation of dependencies and high flexibility in the model structure are required. Using Bayesian inference, the aim of this chapter was to infer the apple proliferation (AP) disease epidemiology in South Tyrol, Italy. The data consisted of (1) presence/absence of the AP vector Cacopsylla picta collected in 44 orchards in 2014; (2) prevalence of the AP pathogen "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali" in the vector population; and (3) AP symptomatic trees visually assessed in 2015. Generalized linear mixed models evaluated in a Bayesian framework were used to test species-environment relationships. The model results indicated that the occurrence of the AP vector and symptomatic plants are positively influenced by elevation and temperature and negatively by management. Vector and pathogen predictions in the disease symptoms model correlated negatively or not at all with the prevalence of AP symptoms occurrence. In conclusion, the model results suggest that the presence/absence of the AP vector alone may not be the only cause for disease occurrence. Considering factors such as phytoplasma transmission via root-bridges and specific management strategies, may help to improve inference and finally to optimize the existing pest management.

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“…Phytoplasmas are introduced by insect vectors (mostly leafhoppers) during feeding activity into plant sieve tube elements, from which they spread systemically through the plants (Bertaccini et al, 2014). Currently, characterization and classification of phytoplasmas are based mainly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of 16SrDNA or other less-conserved genes, whereas detection is done mainly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (Bertaccini et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2000;Seemuller et al, 1998 Babaie et al, 2007;Chen et al, 2003;Li et al, 2013;Marcone et al, 1997;Salehi et al, 2006;Shubhrata, 2004;Thereza and Baross, 2002;Vali Sichani et al, 2014). However little is known about phytoplasma diseases of weeds in west Azarbaijan province of Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of phytoplasmas associated with some weeds in West Azarbaijan province, Iran

Zibadoost

Rastgou

2016

AAS

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During field surveys in 2013 and 2014, about 14 weed plants showing phytoplasma diseases symptoms including yellowing and witches' broom were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers for 16SrRNA starting by primer pairs P1/P7 in first round PCR followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 in nested PCR. The detected phytoplasmas were characterized and differentiated through sequence analysis of PCR-amplified rDNA and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

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Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Diseases: A Severe Threat to Agriculture

Abstract: Several economically relevant phytoplasma-associated diseases are described together with an update of phytoplasma taxonomy and major biological and molecular features of phytoplasmas. Outlook about persepectives and future work to contain spread of these diseases are also reported.

Cited by 304 publications

References 175 publications

Cara Preservasi Fitoplasma dari Jaringan Kacang Tanah Bergejala Sapu untuk Deteksi DNA dengan Teknik PCR

Cara Preservasi Fitoplasma dari Jaringan Kacang Tanah Bergejala Sapu untuk Deteksi DNA dengan Teknik PCR

Using Bayesian Inference to Investigate the Influence of Environmental Factors on a Phytoplasma Disease

Molecular identification of phytoplasmas associated with some weeds in West Azarbaijan province, Iran

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