Phytopathogen Effectors Use Multiple Mechanisms to Manipulate Plant Autophagy

Lal, Neeraj K.; Thanasuwat, Burinrutt; Huang, Pin jui; Cavanaugh, Keri; Carter, Amanda; Michelmore, Richard W.; Dinesh‐Kumar, Savithramma P.

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.010

Cited by 32 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…An alternative, and not mutually exclusive outcome could be that an interaction with ATG8 results in the suppression of autophagy and associated resistance to thrive infection. A similar mechanism was revealed for the unrelated plant and animal pathogen effectors HopF3 of Pseudomonas syringae (Lal et al, 2020), RavZ of Legionellla pneumophila (Choy et al, 2012), and PexRD54 of Phytophthora infestans (Dagdas et al, 2018). We propose that the interaction of P38 with several ATG8s has evolved to mediate suppression of autophagy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…ATG8 is the most diversified protein among the core ATG proteins (Bu et al, 2020) and its central importance for the autophagy process exposes ATG8 as a potential effector target. Indeed, different effector proteins from bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and nematodes can interact with ATG8s (Lal et al, 2020). Evidently, the interaction of a viral component with ATG8 may result in autophagic degradation to influence infection, as observed for the Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) virulence factor bC1, which is targeted for autophagic degradation through its direct interaction with ATG8f (Haxim et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

Shukla

Hoffmann

Hofius

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Autophagy has emerged as a central player in plant virus disease and resistance. In this study we have addressed potential roles of autophagy in Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) infection. We find that compromised autophagy results in severe disease upon TCV infection, a phenomenon observed earlier for several other viruses as well. We also identified that autophagy provides resistance against TCV by limiting virus accumulation, but the exact mechanism driving this is currently unclear. However, as a viral counter-mechanism, our results reveal that the viral protein P38 can suppress autophagy, likely by sequestering ATG8s. This is a novel strategy for plant viruses, while it has been identified for other pathogen classes. Together, these results broaden our understanding of autophagy in plant virus disease, and strengthens our view of virus-specific adaptation to the autophagy pathway.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

Shukla

Hoffmann

Hofius

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Among the biotrophic pathogens, the most studied example is Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato ( Pst ). Üstün and coworkers, identified both pro- and antibacterial functions of autophagy upon infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with Pst , a biotrophic pathogen which manipulates and modulates autophagy machinery via various effectors [ 76 ]. On the one hand, Pst can activate autophagy with the effector HrpZ1 to enhance autophagy through the modulation of ATG8 cleavage by ATG4.…”

Section: Autophagy a Series Of Intense Membrane Remodeling Events Controlling Plant Responses To Environmental Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, Pst can activate autophagy with the effector HrpZ1 to enhance autophagy through the modulation of ATG8 cleavage by ATG4. On the other hand, Pst can also negatively regulate autophagy with the effectors HopF3 and AvrPtoB by targeting the ATG8 and ATG1 module of the autophagy machinery, respectively [ 76 ].…”

Section: Autophagy a Series Of Intense Membrane Remodeling Events Controlling Plant Responses To Environmental Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Lipids Contribute to Autophagosome Biogenesis, a Critical Process in Plant Responses to Stresses

Gomez

Lupette

Chambaud

et al. 2021

Cells

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Throughout their life cycle, plants face a tremendous number of environmental and developmental stresses. To respond to these different constraints, they have developed a set of refined intracellular systems including autophagy. This pathway, highly conserved among eukaryotes, is induced by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses upon which it mediates the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic material. Central to autophagy is the formation of highly specialized double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes which select, engulf, and traffic cargo to the lytic vacuole for degradation. The biogenesis of these structures requires a series of membrane remodeling events during which both the quantity and quality of lipids are critical to sustain autophagy activity. This review highlights our knowledge, and raises current questions, regarding the mechanism of autophagy, and its induction and regulation upon environmental stresses with a particular focus on the fundamental contribution of lipids. How autophagy regulates metabolism and the recycling of resources, including lipids, to promote plant acclimation and resistance to stresses is further discussed.

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The complex roles of autophagy in plant immunity

2022

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Plant immunity is the result of multiple distinct cellular processes cooperating with each other to generate immune responses. Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling process and has well‐established roles in nutrient starvation responses and cellular homeostasis. Recently, the role of autophagy in immunity has become increasingly evident. However, our knowledge about plant autophagy remains limited, and how this fundamental cellular process is involved in plant immunity is still somewhat perplexing. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the positive and negative roles of autophagy in plant immunity and how different microbes exploit this process to their own advantage. The dualistic role of autophagy in plant immunity emphasizes that much remains to be explored in this area.

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Phytopathogen Effectors Use Multiple Mechanisms to Manipulate Plant Autophagy

Abstract: Highlights d Effector proteins from various plant pathogens target core AuTophaGy (ATG) proteins d Pseudomonas syringae HrpZ1, HopF3, and AvrPtoB alter autophagy to enhance infection d HrpZ1 and HopF3 target ATG8 to enhance and suppress autophagy, respectively

Cited by 32 publications

References 65 publications

Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

Turnip crinkle virus targets host ATG8 proteins to attenuate antiviral autophagy

How Lipids Contribute to Autophagosome Biogenesis, a Critical Process in Plant Responses to Stresses

The complex roles of autophagy in plant immunity

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