“…Studies have shown that pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and that of SARS-CoV-1 might look similar; but that the affinity which SARS-CoV- 2 has for S-Protein is higher than that for SARS-CoV-1. This property confers more pathogenicity to the virus [ 35 , 92 ]. This also implies that human organs which express higher concentrations of ACE2 are more prone to destructive tendencies of the SARS-CoV-2.…”
Section: Pathogenesis Of Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 2 Structure of SAR-CoV-2. Adopted from Yashika et al , [92] . Figure 3 COVID-19 Vaccination Analysis across continents.…”
Section: Pathogenesis Of Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are basically two key crucial pathways required for COVID-19 pathogenesis. The first is inhibition of the virus from attaching to host cell and the second is limiting the virus from replicating within the host cell [92] . The likely effects of herbal products to exert their effect have been premised on ability to limit either or all of these essential processes.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many herbal supplements have been identified to achieve their benefits by preventing the fusion of SARS-COV-2 to host cells, inhibition of entry into human cells, inhibition of viral RNA transcription and translation, decrease intracellular acidity thereby limiting viral replication, viral transport within the host cell and inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines thus preventing cytokine storm and death ( Figure 5 ) [ 18 , 92 ]. The ability of herbal-based products to suppress the progression of COVID-19 is attributed to multiple array of phytochemicals:–Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenes, Glycosides, Carbohydrates and Saponins among others.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 5 Schematic representation of key areas herbal supplements play inhibitory roles in the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Adopted from [92] . Angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2); 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro); Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2); papain-like protease (PLpro); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), …”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
“…Studies have shown that pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and that of SARS-CoV-1 might look similar; but that the affinity which SARS-CoV- 2 has for S-Protein is higher than that for SARS-CoV-1. This property confers more pathogenicity to the virus [ 35 , 92 ]. This also implies that human organs which express higher concentrations of ACE2 are more prone to destructive tendencies of the SARS-CoV-2.…”
Section: Pathogenesis Of Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 2 Structure of SAR-CoV-2. Adopted from Yashika et al , [92] . Figure 3 COVID-19 Vaccination Analysis across continents.…”
Section: Pathogenesis Of Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are basically two key crucial pathways required for COVID-19 pathogenesis. The first is inhibition of the virus from attaching to host cell and the second is limiting the virus from replicating within the host cell [92] . The likely effects of herbal products to exert their effect have been premised on ability to limit either or all of these essential processes.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many herbal supplements have been identified to achieve their benefits by preventing the fusion of SARS-COV-2 to host cells, inhibition of entry into human cells, inhibition of viral RNA transcription and translation, decrease intracellular acidity thereby limiting viral replication, viral transport within the host cell and inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines thus preventing cytokine storm and death ( Figure 5 ) [ 18 , 92 ]. The ability of herbal-based products to suppress the progression of COVID-19 is attributed to multiple array of phytochemicals:–Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenes, Glycosides, Carbohydrates and Saponins among others.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 5 Schematic representation of key areas herbal supplements play inhibitory roles in the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Adopted from [92] . Angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2); 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro); Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2); papain-like protease (PLpro); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), …”
Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Herbal-based Products On Sars-cov-2mentioning
Background
The RP-HPLC method has been established to simultaneous estimation of seven markers in polyherbal formulation JKC using the C18 (25 × 0.46 cm, i.d,5 µm) column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (80:20) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and observed retention time at 2 to 11 min with sharp points. The marker compounds viz. Andrographolide (AG), Piperine (PP), Picroside-I (P-I), Picroside-II (P-II), α-Cyprone (AC), 6-Shogaol (6S), and 6-Gingerol (6G) were quantified in JKC formulations by HPLC method. Detection was performed at the wavelength (λ) of 229 nm for AG, 343 nm for PP, 279 nm for P-I, 264 nm for P-II, 254 nm for AC, and 280 nm for both 6S and 6G by HPLC–PDA detector.
Results
The marker compounds in JKC formulations were observed in different retention times (Rt) i.e. AG at 3.060 ± 0.01 min, PP at 5.460 ± 0.03 min, P-I at 2.789 ± 0.02 min, P-II at 2.553 ± 0.03 min, AC at 10.951 ± 0.02 min, 6S at 6.302 ± 0.03 min, and 6G at 4.111 ± 0.02 min respectively. The proposed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r2 0.9995–0.9999), precision, robustness, ruggedness, and accuracy (RSD < 2%) under optimum conditions. The limit of detection and quantification of bioactive markers were as: AG (1.386; 4.200 ppm), PP (2.033; 6.161 ppm), P-I (2.822; 8.553 ppm), P-II (2.538; 7.691 ppm), AC (0.269; 0.815 ppm), 6G (0.158; 0.480 ppm), 6S (0.188; 0.569 ppm). The amount (mg/g) of bioactive markers detected and estimated in plants and formulation were as: AG (41.282 ± 0.48; 10.06 ± 0.18), PP (53.81 ± 0.25, 13.82 ± 0.37 in PN, PL; 4.27 ± 0.07), P-I (15.97 ± 0.01; 0.48 ± 0.003), P-II (63.24 ± 0.35; 2.31 ± 0.006), AC (0.42 ± 0.01; 0.36 ± 0.006), 6G (0.71 ± 0.03; 0.16 ± 0.001), and 6S (2.64 ± 0.09; 0.12 ± 0.004) respectively. Method was found to be rugged and robust. The results found for all the validation parameters were within the limits according to ICH guidelines.
Conclusion
The proposed method is fast, precise, economic, and specific and used for the simultaneously quantifiable analysis of seven major bioactive markers in the ingredients (herbs) and the JKC formulations.
Background: More than 50 mutations have been found in Omicron SARS-CoV-2. Most Omicron mutations are located in the spike protein, which plays a pivotal role in virus infection. The mutated spike protein in the Omicron variant increases virus transmissibility and potentially threatens the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies. Herbal plants, such as Indian Ayurveda, African herbal plants, and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), have been studied as SARS-CoV-2 potential therapy in several countries.Objective: This review explores potential phytochemical herbals that target spike protein omicron based on the available molecular docking studies.Methods: We collected research articles on the molecular docking of phytochemicals that target spike protein omicron. Combination of several keywords: in silico OR molecular docking AND spike omicron, were used as input for Google search. Out of 83 articles from Google search, eight articles matched the inclusion criteria and were selected in this review.Result: Protodioscin from Carica papaya and Landomycin A from Aloe vera are the most potential phytochemical inhibitors against spike protein with the free binding energy of -10.77 kcal/mol and -10kcal/mol, respectively.
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