Phytol anti-inflammatory activity: Pre-clinical assessment and possible mechanism of action elucidation

Abstract

Phytol (PHY) is an acyclic natural diterpene alcohol and a chlorophyll constituent that exhibits several pharmacological effects, such as anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial. Here, we aimed to assess the PHY anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo, and to deepen knowledge on the possible mechanism of action. For this purpose, egg albumin (in vitro) test was performed by using acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) as a standard nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). For in vivo test, male Wistar albino rats were treated (intraperitoneally) with 100 mg/kg of PHY and/or standard NSAIDs ASA (100 mg/kg) and diclofenac sodium (Diclo-Na, 10 mg/kg) to evaluate the combined effect of PHY in formalin-induced paw edema model. Furthermore, an in silico (CADD) study was accomplished to assess the effect of PHY against cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and 2 enzymes, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Results revealed that PHY exhibits dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect using the egg albumin method. PHY (100 mg/kg) co-treated with ASA and/or Diclo-Na reduced paw edema better than PHY alone or NSAIDs individual groups. Computational study showed that PHY efficiently interacts with COX-1 and 2, NF-κB, and IL-1β. In conclusion, PHY exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, possibly via COX-1 and 2, NF-κB, and IL-1β dependent pathways.

Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Polyherbal Formulation Used in Chronic Wound Healing

“…e biological activities of phytol and phytosterols can be attributed to antiinflammatory activities through reduction of leukocyte and neutrophil migration, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and oxidative stress, as well as antibacterial effects [48][49][50].…”

“…Studies have demonstrated that squalene promotes remodelling and tissue repair response signals by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 β and TNF- α , and stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 [ 46 , 47 ]. The biological activities of phytol and phytosterols can be attributed to anti-inflammatory activities through reduction of leukocyte and neutrophil migration, IL-1 β , IL-6, and TNF- α levels and oxidative stress, as well as antibacterial effects [ 48 – 50 ].…”

Handball Action Evaluation Method and System Based on Deep Learning

“…Among them, D represents the adjacency matrix [10]. Graph convolution is similar to traditional convolution in that the calculation process of graph convolution is also a process of sampling first and then weighting and summing [11][12]. The sampling method of graph convolution is similar to traditional convolution.…”

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“…1. Phytol is a diterpene used as precursor for vitamin K and is recognised for its antimicrobial, anticancer, ant-inflammatory, antidiuretic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities 33 . 3-Tetradecyn-1-ol is an alcoholic compound that has antibacterial effect 34 .…”