Phytohormones in galls on eucalypt trees and in the gall‐forming wasp <i>Leptocybe invasa</i> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Wang, Wei; Guo, Wenfeng; Jun, Tang; Li, Xiaoqiong

doi:10.1111/afe.12525

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Based on ELISA and a stomatal-closure bioassay, Heath et al [ 42 ] concluded ABA was present in salivary glands of the flat morph of the gall-inducing Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) at concentrations between 0.5 and 1.5 pmol/g fwt. Wang et al [ 35 ] also reported ABA concentrations in the gall-inducing Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as high as 264 pmol/g fwt based on ELISA assays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These details will be particularly relevant at the location of insect feeding, but also at larger scales. Finally, given the detection of yet more phytohormones in insect saliva (e.g., SA, JA [ 20 ]) and the detection of JA, GA, and brassinosteroids in a gall-inducing insect species [ 35 ], a more comprehensive examination of non-protein effectors in insect saliva is essential to produce a more complete picture of the repertoire of effectors phytophagous insects may use to manipulate their host plant species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two other phytohormones, CKs and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), have often been found in gall-inducing insects [ 14 , 16 , 18 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. However, recent evidence shows that both CKs and IAA are widespread and abundant in insects, including non-gall-inducing and non-phytophagous species [ 24 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Abscisic Acid: A Potential Secreted Effector Synthesized by Phytophagous Insects for Host-Plant Manipulation

Seng

Ponce

Andreas

et al. 2023

Insects

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is an isoprenoid-derived plant signaling molecule involved in a wide variety of plant processes, including facets of growth and development as well as responses to abiotic and biotic stress. ABA had previously been reported in a wide variety of animals, including insects and humans. We used high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(ESI)-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of ABA in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all insect orders with species known to induce plant galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found ABA in insect species in all six orders, in both gall-inducing and non-gall-inducing species, with no tendency for gall-inducing insects to have higher concentrations. The concentrations of ABA in insects often markedly exceeded those typically found in plants, suggesting it is highly improbable that insects obtain all their ABA from their host plant via consumption and sequestration. As a follow-up, we used immunohistochemistry to determine that ABA localizes to the salivary glands in the larvae of the gall-inducing Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae). The high concentrations of ABA, combined with its localization to salivary glands, suggest that insects are synthesizing and secreting ABA to manipulate their host plants. The pervasiveness of ABA among both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects and our current knowledge of the role of ABA in plant processes suggest that insects are using ABA to manipulate source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation or to suppress host-plant defenses. ABA joins the triumvirate of phytohormones, along with cytokinins (CKs) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), that are abundant, widespread, and localized to glandular organs in insects and used to manipulate host plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Abscisic Acid: A Potential Secreted Effector Synthesized by Phytophagous Insects for Host-Plant Manipulation

Seng

Ponce

Andreas

et al. 2023

Insects

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“…The role of phytohormones in mediating plant defense responses against insect herbivores has greatly improved in recent years (Erb et al, 2012) There is compelling evidence that gall-induced tissues contain higher concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and/or gibberellins (GAs) compared to non-galled tissues (Takei et al, 2015;Xiang et al, 2020). Galls serve as plant sink organs capable of absorbing nutrients and phytohormones from other plant organs (Hirano et al, 2020).However, the precise role of phytohormones in gall formation remains unknown (Wang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOHORMONE of TAMARIX APHYLLA L. INFECTED WITH PARAPODIA SINAICA (GELECHIIDEA: LEPIDOPETRA) IN SOUTH OF SINAI

fadl,

kamel,

morsy

et al. 2023

Journal of Environmental Science

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Tamarix aphylla is a medicinal plant that grows well in arid areas and is widely regarded as one of the most significant plants for insect invasion. Tamarix aphylla trees cover a huge portion of the sand dunes in the Wadi Asel region in southern Sinai. Parapodia sinaica attacks Tamarix aphyllla and forms galls that hinder the growth and development of the plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in phytohormone levels in Tamarix aphylla plants caused by insect infestation, especially by Parapodia sinaica insects that cause the formation of galls. In this study, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and Zeatin (Zn) were used in induced and non-induced plants during two distinct seasons, the dry and wet seasons between March and August 2021. The amount of each hormone was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The level of (IAA) increased more in healthy plants in the wet season than in the dry season and decreased in infected plants. Zeatin (Zn) showed the same trend as in hormone (IAA). However, hormone (GA3) showed the same trend in both healthy and infected plant. The role and effects of entophytic fungus on galls caused by insects should be further investigated.

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“…Galls are known to activate plant reproductive traits to escape immune response and to elicit increased ow of nutrients (Wang et al 2021). Gall inducers reprogram the expression pro les of host plants; they reduce the expression of photosynthesis-related genes and enhance expression of genes related to developmental processes (Favery et al 2020;Martinson et al 2022) by upregulating phytohormones such as auxins and cytokinins (Schultz et al 2019; Tooker and Giron 2020; Wang et al 2022). The g-g wasp system therefore provides us with a unique opportunity to study if pollinators, that act as endophagous resource sinks, are competing with and manipulating the hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating Hosts Within Mutualisms: Role of Plant Hormones in Selective Resource Allocation

KULKARNI,

VADASSERY,

BORGES

2024

Preprint

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In some mutualisms involving plants, photoassimilates are provided as rewards to symbionts. Endophagous organisms often manipulate host plants to increase access to photoassimilates. Host manipulations by endophagous organisms that are also mutualists are generally less understood. We show host plant manipulations by symbionts and the role of phytohormones, i.e. the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ), in the brood-site pollination mutualism between fig trees and pollinator fig wasps. In this interaction, pollinator wasps pollinate Ficus flowers within a closed inflorescence called a syconium, in exchange for flowers that develop into galls nourishing pollinator offspring. To examine host manipulation by pollinator galls, we compared growth hormones released by syconial occupants within three experimentally produced treatment groups of syconia: S (containing only seeds), G (containing only pollinator galls) and SG (containing seeds and pollinator galls). We harvested syconia from each treatment in the early and mid-phases of syconial maturation when maximal growth occurs and measured hormone levels Hormone levels were reduced by mid-phase in general; however, they were mostly sustained in G syconia in the mid-phase, suggesting that galls manipulate the host to continuously access resources. We found no difference in IAA and tZ levels of S and G syconia. IAA concentrations were higher in SG syconia. From the perspective of the maintenance of the mutualism, syconium volume and hormone concentrations were highest when both seeds and galls were present (SG treatment), indicating that joint control by both partners over allocation of resources to syconia.

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Phytohormones in galls on eucalypt trees and in the gall‐forming wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Cited by 4 publications

References 53 publications

Abscisic Acid: A Potential Secreted Effector Synthesized by Phytophagous Insects for Host-Plant Manipulation

Abscisic Acid: A Potential Secreted Effector Synthesized by Phytophagous Insects for Host-Plant Manipulation

ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOHORMONE of TAMARIX APHYLLA L. INFECTED WITH PARAPODIA SINAICA (GELECHIIDEA: LEPIDOPETRA) IN SOUTH OF SINAI

Manipulating Hosts Within Mutualisms: Role of Plant Hormones in Selective Resource Allocation

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