“…As a model species, it has considerably expanded our knowledge of metal hyperaccumulation and tolerance mechanisms (Assunção et al, 2018;Krämer, 2010;Peng et al, 2020;Verbruggen et al, 2018). Due to its abilities, N. caerulescens is also considered a promising candidate for field phytoextraction of Cd and/or Zn in moderately contaminated soils (Hammer and Keller, 2003;Jacobs et al, 2017Jacobs et al, , 2018aRosenfeld et al, 2018;Schwartz et al, 2003;Simmons et al, 2015;Sterckeman and Puschenreiter, 2018). Recent studies have been carried out to improve the efficiency of metal extraction by N. caerulescens, which depends on both shoot trace element concentrations and plant biomass, by (i) understanding the influence of edaphic conditions on the growth and accumulation of TEs (Jacobs et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2006;Yanai et al, 2006), (ii) initiating the selection of cultivars for field applications (Sterckeman et al, 2019), and (iii) testing and improving cultural practices (Jacobs et al, 2018b;Luo et al, 2019aLuo et al, , 2019bLuo et al, , 2020, including organic and inorganic fertilization (Jacobs et al, 2018a;Maxted et al, 2007a;Rees et al, 2020).…”