Phytochrome Control of Growth Cessation and Initiation of Cold Acclimation in Selected Woody Plants

Williams, Blake; Pellett, Norman E.; Klein, Richard M.

doi:10.1104/pp.50.2.262

Cited by 63 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…The Pr form, which is inactive, is converted to the active Pfr form by exposure to R-light, and is converted back to the inactive Pr form by exposure to FR-light or through dark reversion (11). The increase in freezing tolerance that occurs in response to short-day in red-osier dogwood and other perennial woody tree species is prevented if the plants are exposed to R light during the nighttime, but not if the R-light exposure is followed by brief exposure to FR light (9,10). These results are classic indicators of a phytochrome-mediated response (12) and suggest that an active Pfr phytochrome represses freezing tolerance.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…As the season continues to progress and the temperatures become cold, the plants sense the low temperature and increase an additional 20°C or more in freezing tolerance (7,8). The molecular basis for photoperiodic regulation of freezing tolerance is not well understood, but appears to involve the action of phytochromes (9,10). Phytochromes are light-absorbing photoreceptors that exist in two fundamental forms: the red (R)-lightabsorbing form, designated Pr, and the far-red (FR)-lightadsorbing form, designated Pfr.…”

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Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Lee

Thomashow

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

298

246

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The CBF (C-repeat binding factor) pathway has a major role in plant cold acclimation, the process whereby certain plants increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperatures. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the pathway is characterized by rapid cold induction of CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3, which encode transcriptional activators, followed by induction of CBF-targeted genes that impart freezing tolerance. At warm temperatures, CBF transcript levels are low, but oscillate due to circadian regulation with peak expression occurring at 8 h after dawn (zeitgeber time 8; ZT8). Here, we establish that the CBF pathway is also regulated by photoperiod at warm temperatures. At ZT8, CBF transcript levels in short-day (SD; 8-h photoperiod) plants were three-to fivefold higher than in long-day plants (LD; 16-h photoperiod). Moreover, the freezing tolerance of SD plants was greater than that of LD plants. Genetic analysis indicated that phytochrome B (PHYB) and two phytochrome-interacting factors, PIF4 and PIF7, act to down-regulate the CBF pathway and freezing tolerance under LD conditions. Down-regulation of the CBF pathway in LD plants correlated with higher PIF4 and PIF7 transcript levels and greater stability of the PIF4 and PIF7 proteins under LD conditions. Our results indicate that during the warm LD growing season, the CBF pathway is actively repressed by PHYB, PIF4, and PIF7, thus mitigating allocation of energy and nutrient resources toward unneeded frost protection. This repression is relieved by shortening day length resulting in up-regulation of the CBF pathway and increased freezing tolerance in preparation for coming cold temperatures.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Lee

Thomashow

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

298

246

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“…Phytochrome involvement in this process has been known for a long time (Williams et al, 1972). More recent studies have strengthened the central role of phytochrome A in day-length sensing of woody plants.…”

Section: Cold Acclimation Induction By Sd and Ltmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular responses to thermal stress in woody plants

et al. 2005

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Stress caused by high and low temperatures has been much less studied in woody plants than in herbaceous ones. The cold response shows specific traits in woody plants. Cold acclimation associated to winter dormancy develops in two sequential steps: the first is triggered by photoperiod shortening while the second requires temperatures to fall. The involvement of ABA in cold acclimation is beyond question, yet the roles played by this hormone are far better understood in herbaceous plants. The induction of protective proteins and changes in both glycan metabolism and circadian clock functioning are noteworthy among the molecular responses of woody species to low temperatures. Both herbaceous and woody plants seem to respond similarly to heat stress, with heat shock proteins (HSPs) dominating protein synthesis profiles. Certain HSPs are also induced in response to low temperatures, and recent data suggest that they are involved in cold acclimation.Key words: cold acclimation, heat stress, dormancy, HSP, ABA. Resumen Respuestas moleculares de las plantas leñosas al estrés térmicoEl estrés que producen las altas y las bajas temperaturas ha sido menos estudiado en las plantas leñosas que en las herbáceas. La respuesta al frío en las especies leñosas presenta características propias. La aclimatación al frío asociada a la dormancia invernal se desarrolla en dos etapas secuenciales: la primera es inducida por el acortamiento del fotoperiodo, y la segunda requiere una disminución de las temperaturas. Se ha comprobado una implicación del ABA en este proceso, sin embargo su papel es menos claro que el que tiene en la aclimatación de las plantas herbáceas. Entre las respuestas moleculares de los árboles al frío se deben destacar la inducción de proteínas protectoras, los cambios en el metabolismo de los glúcidos y la alteración en el funcionamiento del reloj circadiano. El comportamiento de las plantas leñosas frente al calor no parece tener peculiaridades específicas, siendo la síntesis de las proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) la respuesta más significativa a nivel molecular. Algunas HSPs también se inducen en respuesta a las bajas temperaturas, y datos recientes sugieren que pueden estar implicadas en la aclimatación al frío.Palabras clave: aclimatación al frío, choque de calor, dormancia, HSP, ABA.

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“…Until fairly recently, knowledge at the molecular level of the induction of winter dormancy by SD was scarce, despite the fact that the key role of phytochromes in perceiving the length of the photoperiod has long been established (Williams et al, 1972). The role of these photoreceptors has been widely demonstrated at the physiological level and information has also been provided by genetic and molecular approaches (Olsen, (Howe et al, 1998).…”

Section: Molecular Control Of Winter Dormancy Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular control of winter dormancy establishment in trees: a review

Allona

Ramos

Ibáñez

et al. 2008

Span. j. agric. res.

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Dormancy is an adaptive mechanism that enables woody plants to survive the freezing temperatures of winter. This complex process is characterized by the cessation of meristem activity, which is accompanied by winter bud set, extensive metabolic remodelling, an acquired high tolerance to cold and, in deciduous trees, by leaf senescence and abscission. The induction of dormancy occurs in response to seasonal environmental signals. In most woody plants, shortening of the photoperiod induces growth cessation, bud set, and some degree of cold acclimation. The subsequent drop in temperature then leads to a greater tolerance to cold and leaf fall. Experimental evidence indicates that the phytochrome system plays an important role as a day length sensor, and it has been recently reported that in poplar (Populus tremula x tremuloides), the photoperiodic control of dormancy induction is driven by a molecular mechanism that shares components with the mechanism of the photoperiodic control of flowering time in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the effects of low temperatures are less well understood. Nonetheless, it has been established that the chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) circadian molecular clock is disrupted both during winter and in response to cold, with presumable consequences on the general physiology of the plant. However, there is no direct evidence so far for its role in dormancy regulation.Additional key words: bud set, circadian clock, cold acclimation, endodormancy, photoperiodism, phytochrome. ResumenRevisión. Control molecular del establecimiento de la dormancia invernal en los árboles La dormancia es un mecanismo adaptativo que capacita a las plantas leñosas para sobrevivir a las bajas temperaturas invernales. Este complejo proceso se caracteriza por el cese de la actividad de los meristemos, y va acompañado del desarrollo de las yemas de otoño, de notables modificaciones metabólicas, de la adquisición de una elevada tolerancia al frío y, en las especies caducifolias, de la senescencia y abscisión de las hojas. La inducción de la dormancia responde a señales medioambientales. En la mayoría de las plantas leñosas el acortamiento del fotoperiodo induce el cese del crecimiento, la formación de las yemas de otoño y una moderada aclimatación al frío. Después, la bajada de las temperaturas induce una mayor tolerancia al frío y la caída de las hojas. La evidencia experimental indica que el sistema de los fitocromos juega un papel importante como sensor de la duración del día y recientemente se ha comprobado que el control fotoperiódico de la inducción de la dormancia en chopo ocurre mediante un mecanismo molecular que tiene elementos comunes con el que controla la transición floral en respuesta al fotoperiodo en Arabidopsis. La influencia de las bajas temperaturas es menos conocida. El reloj circadiano del castaño (Castanea sativa Mill.) se altera durante el invierno y en respuesta al frío, lo que debe tener importantes consecuencias sobre la fisiología general de la planta. Sin embargo, no hay todavía evidenc...

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Phytochrome Control of Growth Cessation and Initiation of Cold Acclimation in Selected Woody Plants

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Molecular responses to thermal stress in woody plants

Molecular control of winter dormancy establishment in trees: a review

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