Phytochrome C Is A Key Factor Controlling Long-Day Flowering in Barley

Nishida, Hidetaka; Ishihara, Daisuke; Ishii, Makoto; Kaneko, Takuma; Kawahigashi, Hiroyuki; Akashi, Yukari; Sugiyama, Daisuke; Tanaka, Katsunori; Handa, Hirokazu; Takeda, Kazuyoshi; Kato, Kenji

doi:10.1104/pp.113.222570

Cited by 73 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Differences in heading time between plants carrying the hyperfunctional and wild-type PHYC alleles were suppressed by introgression of a highly expressed FT1 allele (16). This result is similar to the reduced differences in heading time observed in this study between wheat wild type and phyC AB mutants in the presence of the stronger FT1 HOPE allele (SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…3 and SI Appendix, Fig. S8) were not significant in the barley study (16). This difference is not surprising because wheat Asterisks indicate significant differences in t tests between wild type and phyC AB at each time point (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Recently, a barley hyperfunctional PHYC allele has been linked to increased FT1 abundance and accelerated flowering under inductive LD, but not under noninductive SD (16). Differences in heading time between plants carrying the hyperfunctional and wild-type PHYC alleles were suppressed by introgression of a highly expressed FT1 allele (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In wheat and barley, the chromosome region encompassing PHYC has been associated with differences in flowering time under inductive LD photoperiods, but genetically linked loci have not been ruled out as candidate flowering time genes (15)(16)(17)(18). In both species, PHYC is tightly linked to the VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) gene, a MADS-box meristem identity gene similar to Arabidopsis APETALA1, which promotes the vegetative-toreproductive transition of the shoot apical meristem (19)(20)(21).…”

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confidence: 99%

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PHYTOCHROME C plays a major role in the acceleration of wheat flowering under long-day photoperiod

Chen¹,

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

182

228

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Phytochromes are dimeric proteins that function as red and far-red light sensors influencing nearly every phase of the plant life cycle. Of the three major phytochrome families found in flowering plants, PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC) is the least understood. In Arabidopsis and rice, PHYC is unstable and functionally inactive unless it heterodimerizes with another phytochrome. However, when expressed in an Arabidopsis phy-null mutant, wheat PHYC forms signaling active homodimers that translocate into the nucleus in red light to mediate photomorphogenic responses. Tetraploid wheat plants homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in all PHYC copies (phyC AB ) flower on average 108 d later than wild-type plants under long days but only 19 d later under short days, indicating a strong interaction between PHYC and photoperiod. This interaction is further supported by the drastic down-regulation in the phyC AB mutant of the central photoperiod gene PHOTOPERIOD 1 (PPD1) and its downstream target FLOWERING LOCUS T1, which are required for the promotion of flowering under long days. These results implicate light-dependent, PHYC-mediated activation of PPD1 expression in the acceleration of wheat flowering under inductive long days. Plants homozygous for the phyC AB mutations also show altered profiles of circadian clock and clock-output genes, which may also contribute to the observed differences in heading time. Our results highlight important differences in the photoperiod pathways of the temperate grasses with those of well-studied model plant species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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PHYTOCHROME C plays a major role in the acceleration of wheat flowering under long-day photoperiod

Chen¹,

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

182

228

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“…PHYC allelic variation has been associated with flowering time variation in Arabidopsis, barley, and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (Balasubramanian et al 2006;Nishida et al 2013;Pankin et al 2014;Saidou et al 2014). For example, pearl millet grown in Niger over the course of three decades has been selected for a shorter life cycle and more rapid flowering to maintain yield in regions where the growing season is becoming shorter due to changes in precipitation patterns (Vigouroux et al 2011).…”

Section: Phyc Plays a Major Role In Photoperiodic Flowering In Pooidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PHYTOCHROME C Is an Essential Light Receptor for Photoperiodic Flowering in the Temperate Grass, Brachypodium distachyon

et al. 2014

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We show that in the temperate grass, Brachypodium distachyon, PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), is necessary for photoperiodic flowering. In loss-of-function phyC mutants, flowering is extremely delayed in inductive photoperiods. PHYC was identified as the causative locus by utilizing a mapping by sequencing pipeline (Cloudmap) optimized for identification of induced mutations in Brachypodium. In phyC mutants the expression of Brachypodium homologs of key flowering time genes in the photoperiod pathway such as GIGANTEA (GI), PHOTOPERIOD 1 (PPD1/PRR37), CONSTANS (CO), and florigen/FT are greatly attenuated. PHYC also controls the day-length dependence of leaf size as the effect of day length on leaf size is abolished in phyC mutants. The control of genes upstream of florigen production by PHYC was likely to have been a key feature of the evolution of a long-day flowering response in temperate pooid grasses.

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