Phytochemistry, synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacological activity, and pharmacokinetics of loganin: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Iridoid glycosides (IGs) are found in many medicinal and edible plants, such as Gardenia jasminoides, Cistanche tubulosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Rehmanniae Radix, Lonicera japonica, and Cornus officinalis. Loganin, an IG, is one of the main active ingredient of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., which approved as a medicinal and edible plant in China. Loganin has been widely concerned due to its extensive pharmacological effects, including anti‐diabetic, antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti‐tumor activities, etc. Studies have shown that these underlying mechanisms include anti‐oxidation, antiinflammation and anti‐apoptosis by regulating a variety of signaling pathways, such as STAT3/NF‐κB, JAK/STAT3, TLR4/NF‐κB, PI3K/Akt, MCP‐1/CCR2, and RAGE/Nox4/p65 NF‐κB signaling pathways. In order to better understand the research status of loganin and promote its application in human health, this paper systematically summarized the phytochemistry, analysis methods, synthesis, pharmacological properties and related mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics based on the research in the past decades.

Loganin exerts antidepressant-like effects via Sigma-1R- and BDNF-dependent mechanisms

“…Loganin is a natural molecule that has been shown to have neuroprotective effects (Zhang et al, 2022). Our previous studies firstly showed that loganin induced antidepressant-like effects in behavior despair model (Pan et al, 2021).…”

“…et Zucc. Loganin has widely pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective activities (Zhang et al, 2022). In addition, it is worth mentioning that Corni Fructus has a long history of application as food in many regions of China (Huang et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2022a), indicating its high safety.…”

Loganin alleviates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury through GLP‐1R/NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis pathway

“…3 Loganin is one active iridoid glycoside that is found in Corni fructus approved as a medicinal plant in China, which has extensive pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. 4 Moreover, previous studies suggest that loganin could attenuate cell pyroptosis in high glucose-treated Schwann cells and chondrocytes of osteoarthritis mice. 5,6 In addition, emerging evidence reveals the protective effect of loganin on I/R injury of kidney.…”

“…The application of traditional Chinese medicine is promising in myocardial I/R injury, and the natural products have attracted attention of research 3 . Loganin is one active iridoid glycoside that is found in Corni fructus approved as a medicinal plant in China, which has extensive pharmacological effects, including anti‐tumor, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities 4 . Moreover, previous studies suggest that loganin could attenuate cell pyroptosis in high glucose‐treated Schwann cells and chondrocytes of osteoarthritis mice 5,6 .…”

Morroniside Protects C2C12 Myoblasts from Oxidative Damage Caused by ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage and Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

“…( Huang et al ., 2018 ). The beneficial effects of this herb, which has long been used to alleviate various pathological phenomena, have been shown to be due to the antioxidative activity of these glycosides ( Zhang et al ., 2022b ). Morroniside isolated from C. officinalis was first reported to be an antioxidant by Xu et al .…”