Phytochemistry of Wild Populations of <i>Panax quinquefolius</i> L. (North American Ginseng)

Assinewe, Valerie Ann.; Baum, Bernard R.; Gagnon, Daniel; Arnason, John T.

doi:10.1021/jf030042h

Cited by 109 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus, herbal medicine identification and analysis are very important issues in the quality assurance of herbal products. Since American ginseng from Wisconsin is a reliable ginseng source 21 , in this study, the American ginseng used was from Roland Ginseng, LLC (Wausau, WI). The plant material was identified according to the United States Pharmacopoeia NF 21, monograph: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Wang¹,

Du²,

Yuan³

2011

Breast Cancer - Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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IntroductionBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer among women. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in nearly all developed countries, showing an increased incidence over the last decades, and the expected number of new U.S. patients in 2010 would be 209,060, and the death number will be 40,230 1 . The clinical management of breast cancer invariably involves diverse conventional modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation 2 . The complex characteristics of breast cancer may also require some alternative management to improve the therapeutic efficacy of conventional treatment and the quality of life for cancer patients 3 . American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a commonly used herb in the United States which belongs to the genus Panax L. in family Araliaceae 4 . Panax is a small genus, and nearly all species in this genus are important herbal medicines, especially Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 5 . Since Asian ginseng has been used as herbal medicine for a long history in oriental countries, many studies have been conducted on its constituents and its pharmacological effects 6 . Asian ginseng has many reported health benefits including anticancer activities 7-9 . In the 1990s, a case-control study on over a thousand Korean subjects showed that long-term ginseng consumption was associated with a decreased risk for many different cancers compared with those who did not consume ginseng 10,11 . In contrast to many studies on Asian ginseng's anticancer effects, investigation of American ginseng is limited 7 , and its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. American ginseng extracts were found to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells 12 . We previously investigated the effects of several herbal extracts on reducing chemotherapeutic side effects and found that American ginseng can attenuate cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model, while not affecting its anticancer properties in human cancer cells 13 . In addition, the extract from American ginseng enhanced the antiproliferation effect of cisplatin on human breast cancer cells, suggesting that it possesses its own anticancer activity 13 . In Asia, ginseng root is air-dried into white ginseng or steamed at 100 °C to give red ginseng. It is believed that red ginseng is more pharmacologically effective than white ginseng 14 . The differences in the biological effects of white and red Asian ginseng are attributed to the significant changes in ginsenosides from the steaming treatment 15 . In this study, we treated American ginseng root at various temperatures and heating times. After heat-processing, the root of American ginseng, like Asian ginseng, changes from white to red; steamed P. quinquefolius root is therefore referred to as red American ginseng. www.intechopen.comBreast Cancer -Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Wang¹,

Du²,

Yuan³

2011

Breast Cancer - Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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“…Third, the batches had a typical NAG ginsenoside profile, lacking ginsenoside Rf and containing a low PPT/PPD ginsenoside ratio. 14,[17][18][19] The findings of this study are significant in light of the form and dose of NAG used, as well as the study design used. We used whole dried root, which is the primary, or natural, form of NAG that cultivators sell to marketers and manufacturers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

et al. 2005

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Abstract-An early observational study suggested that ginseng could elevate blood pressure. This caused concern because 4.5% of American adults use ginseng, with a popular choice being North American ginseng. To date, North American ginseng lacks hemodynamic evaluation; therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial to investigate its effect on blood pressure in 16 hypertensive individuals (meanϮSD age 61.1Ϯ8.1 years; systolic/diastolic blood pressure 132.4Ϯ12.8/83.3Ϯ8.1 mm Hg; 13 on antihypertensives). We used 6 batches of North American ginseng root that varied in quality and ginsenoside content, representing the spectrum of this ginseng on the market. On 8 mornings, each participant was fitted with an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, which measured blood pressure during a 30-minute baseline period. Each participant then consumed in a randomized and double-blind fashion 3 g of encapsulated treatment: placebo (on 2 mornings) or powdered North American ginseng (on 6 mornings). After treatment, blood pressure was measured every 10 minutes for 160 minutes, and its change at each post-treatment time point relative to baseline was determined per individual and averaged, and the mean was obtained for the overall 160-minute period. None of the North American ginsengs or their mean differed from placebo in their effect on overall (160 minutes) mean blood pressure change. None affected blood pressure versus placebo at the 10-minute intervals; but their mean versus placebo increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 140 and 160 minutes, respectively, and lowered diastolic blood pressure at 100 minutes. 2,3 This is based on an observational study by Siegel published Ͼ25 years ago, which found that hypertension developed in 14 adults reporting the use of ginseng root. 4 In response, medical commentaries recommend that hypertensive individuals avoid ginseng. 3 More recently, animal studies 5,6 and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) 7,8 show that Panax ginseng, the most consumed species of ginseng in the United States, exerts a neutral or lowering effect on BP. Although these outcomes contrast Siegel's finding, it should be noted that they pertain to a single ginseng species. Another commonly consumed species of ginseng in the United States is P quinquefolius, or North American ginseng (NAG), which ranks second to P ginseng for use. Together, these species comprise most of the ginseng that Ϸ9 million American adults consume annually. 9 However, to date, the effect of NAG on BP is unknown and could be important to address because this herb is used widely and acts biologically different from other ginseng species. 10 The importance of determining the effect of NAG on BP also holds from a phytochemical perspective. All ginsengs contain a group of triterpene glycosides called ginsenosides, which show antihypertensive efficacy in animals. Because the content of NAG and profile of ginsenosides differs from P ginseng, its potential effect on BP cannot be inferred from the latter and requir...

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“…Therefore, botanical analysis is an important issue in the quality assurance of botanical products (30,31). In this study, we used American ginseng from Roland Ginseng, LLC because American ginseng from Wisconsin is a reliable ginseng source (32). The content of the major ginsenosides in American ginseng berry extracts was determined using HPLC to standardize our extracts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American ginseng berry enhances chemopreventive effect of 5-FU on human colorectal cancer cells

Wang²,

Sun³

et al. 2009

Oncol Rep

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Abstract. In this study, we investigated the possible synergistic chemopreventive effects of American ginseng berry extract (AGBE) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on human colorectal cancer cell lines, SW-480, HCT-116 and HT-29. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the contents of major ginsenosides, the active components of American ginseng, in AGBE. The antiproliferative effects were evaluated by the cell counting method. AGBE (0.1-1.0 mg/ml) significantly inhibited SW-480, HCT-116 and HT-29 cell growth in a concentrationdependent manner. Cell growth decreased more with the combined treatment of 5-FU and AGBE than with 5-FU or AGBE applied alone, suggesting that AGBE can reduce the dose of 5-FU needed to achieve desired effects and thereby decrease the dose-related toxicity of the chemotherapy agent. Cell apoptosis assay showed that AGBE markedly reduced the number of viable SW-480 cells at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, but did not increase cell apoptosis significantly. Neither 5-FU nor co-treatment with 5-FU and AGBE induced cell apoptosis markedly. Cell cycle assay showed that AGBE mainly arrested SW-480 cells in the G2/M phase. 5-FU increased the percentage of SW-480 cells at the S phase of the cell cycle. The assay of combined treatment groups indicated that AGBE can heighten the arrest of SW-480 cells in the S phase induced by 5-FU, and increase the cell distribution in G2/M phase compared with 5-FU applied alone. The trend of increasing cyclin A was similar to the increase of S and G2/M phase cells in all treated groups. The enhancement of S and G2/M phase arrest, rather than cell apoptosis, should be the mechanism of synergistic effects of AGBE on 5-FU. Further in vivo and clinical trials are needed to test AGBE as a valuable chemo-adjuvant. IntroductionColorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and ranks as the second greatest cause of cancer death in both men and women worldwide (1). Although early stage colorectal cancer can be cured by surgical resection, surgery is often combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy with one or more chemotherapeutic agents. Even with effective strategies that continue to be developed for treating colorectal cancer, chemotherapy has the drawbacks of severe adverse effects and dose-limiting toxicity. Drug-related adverse events not only worsen patients' quality of life, but can also lead to their refusal to continue chemotherapy (2,3). Chemotherapy-induced toxicity can be reduced by chemoadjuvant compounds that potentiate tumoricidal effects with lower doses (4-6). Identifying non-toxic chemo-adjuvants among herbal medicines may be an essential step in advancing the treatment of cancer (7).Due to the increase in the consumption of herbal remedies in the United States along with a staggering popularity of the ginseng herb as a method of sustaining good health, significant focus has been placed on American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) (8), which belongs to the genus Panax L. in the Araliaceae family. American ginseng has been reported to ...

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Phytochemistry of Wild Populations of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American Ginseng)

Cited by 109 publications

References 20 publications

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

American ginseng berry enhances chemopreventive effect of 5-FU on human colorectal cancer cells

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