Phytochemicals of mustard (Brassica Campestris) leaves tuned the nickel‐cobalt bimetallic oxide properties for enzyme‐free sensing of glucose

Abstract

The fabrication of enzyme‐free glucose sensors is highly demanded for the biological, clinical, and food applications. In this study, we have developed a green method for tuning the surface properties of nickel‐cobalt bimetallic oxide (NiCo2O4) by adding mustard (Brassica Campestris) leaves extract during hydrothermal growth. The mustard (Brassica Campestris) leaves extract is rich with a variety of phytochemicals, which can easily tune the surface properties of NiCo2O4 nanostructures, thereby paving the way toward the development of sensitive and selective non‐enzymatic glucose sensors. The effect of various amounts of mustard (Brassica Campestris) leaves extract (0–20 ml) was also studied to find out the optimal conditions for growing surface‐modified NiCo2O4 nanostructures. The morphology and crystalline structure of the nanomaterials were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The presence of an increasing quantity of mustard (Brassica Campestris) extract keeps the crystalline structure and the morphology of the NiCo2O4 nanostructures unaltered but changes their dimensions. All nanostructures show the same cubic spinel structure of NiCo2O4 and a morphology of spherical urchins composed of nanorods, but the diameter of the urchins decreases from ~10 μm to several nanometers, thus increasing the surface area of the nanomaterial. Furthermore, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes (CGE), showing excellent catalytic properties toward the enzyme‐free detection of glucose using cyclic voltammetry. Importantly, the intensity of the oxidation current peak was linear over a wide range of glucose concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 mM) and the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated around 0.001 mM. Additionally, NiCo2O4 nanostructures grown in the presence of 20 ml of mustard leaf extract demonstrated good repeatability and excellent selectivity for glucose, without interference by other components such as urea, lactic acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, as well as potassium and sodium ions. The combined results attest that mustard leaf extract has high potential as a green approach to improve the electrochemical properties of nanostructured materials, and could be useful for a wide range of materials for future electrochemical applications.

Green-Mediated Synthesis of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Using Radish White Peel Extract for the Sensitive and Selective Enzyme-Free Detection of Uric Acid

“…Using XPS analysis, we were able to determine the chemical states and surface species of NiCo2O4 nanostructures both in the absence and presence of radish white peel extract, as shown in Figure 4. The XPS study has demonstrated a significant The presence of green organic recuing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the radish white peel extract have the capability to tailor the surface properties of nanostructured materials [28,42]. Using XPS analysis, we were able to determine the chemical states and surface species of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures both in the absence and presence of radish white peel extract, as shown in Figure 4.…”

Transforming NiCo2O4 nanorods into nanoparticles using citrus lemon juice enhancing electrochemical properties for asymmetric supercapacitor and water oxidation

“…The use of new synthetic methodologies has been demonstrated to be effective in increasing the performance of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures. 40,41 The use of biomass for tuning the catalytic activity of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructured materials is considered extensively these days, hence different biomasses have been used during the synthesis. 40,41 Previous studies have used different biomasses containing phytochemicals and they have modied the surface properties of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures very effectively.…”

“…40,41 The use of biomass for tuning the catalytic activity of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructured materials is considered extensively these days, hence different biomasses have been used during the synthesis. 40,41 Previous studies have used different biomasses containing phytochemicals and they have modied the surface properties of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures very effectively. 40 Previously, the utilization of ascorbic acid and citric acid from citrus lemon juice has been explored in the synthesis of a ZnO material and its phase transformation, morphology and optical properties were studied.…”

“…40,41 Previous studies have used different biomasses containing phytochemicals and they have modied the surface properties of NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures very effectively. 40 Previously, the utilization of ascorbic acid and citric acid from citrus lemon juice has been explored in the synthesis of a ZnO material and its phase transformation, morphology and optical properties were studied. 42,43 Citrus lemon juice contains a wide range of unique chemical compounds, as can be seen from ESI Scheme 1, † and their molecular structures were drawn using king draw soware.…”

Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

“…Wet chemical methods have gained significant attention in recent years due to their fast, facile, and promising characteristics. These methods are able to control the dimensions and shape of nanostructured materials by controlling the reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature, precursor concentration, and solvent volume [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Previous studies have employed hydrothermal methods to investigate the role of urea concentration on NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures for electrochemical supercapacitor applications [ 25 ].…”