Phytochemicals of Apple Pomace as Prospect Bio-Fungicide Agents against Mycotoxigenic Fungal Species—In Vitro Experiments

Abstract

The phytochemical constituents of apple waste were established as potential antifungal agents against four crops pathogens, specifically, Botrytis sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Petriella setifera, and Neosartorya fischeri. Crude, purified extracts and fractions of apple pomace were tested in vitro to evaluate their antifungal and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical constituents of the tested materials were mainly represented by phloridzin and quercetin derivatives, as well as previously undescribed in apples, monoterpene–pinnatifidanoside D. Its structure was confirmed by 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The fraction containing quercetin pentosides possessed the highest antioxidant activity, while the strongest antifungal activity was exerted by a fraction containing phloridzin. Sugar moieties differentiated the antifungal activity of quercetin glycosides. Quercetin hexosides possessed stronger antifungal activity than quercetin pentosides.

The Bioavailability, Extraction, Biosynthesis and Distribution of Natural Dihydrochalcone: Phloridzin

“…Lopes et al [ 89 ] found that phloridzin was effective in inhibiting biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus strains, which increased efflux protein genes. Oleszek et al [ 90 ] reported that extracts of apple pomace (fraction containing phloridzin) had antifungal activity by the inhibition of mycotoxigenic fungal growth.…”

Apple pomace as food fortification ingredient: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Only rotten apples (not treated correctly during harvest of processing) contained mycotoxins, whereas no traces were found in healthy fruits and fruits of good technological quality (Li et al., 2020). Phytochemicals present in apple pomace exerted strong antifungal activity as well (Oleszek et al., 2019).…”

How Do Trichoderma Genus Fungi Win a Nutritional Competition Battle against Soft Fruit Pathogens? A Report on Niche Overlap Nutritional Potentiates

“…Nevertheless, as it was recently proved that fungal biomass can, relatively speaking, be developed without consuming too much substrate [ 30 ]. This was then explored in, e.g., the evaluation of the phytochemicals of apple pomace as prospective bio-fungicide agents against mycotoxigenic fungi [ 31 ]. However, this aspect, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously taken into consideration within competition evaluation.…”