Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Khameneh, Bahman; Eskin, N.A.M.; Iranshahy, Milad; Bazzaz, Bibi Sedigheh Fazly

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10091044

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 236 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…Several literature suggests that the mechanism of action of most phytochemicals is dependent largely on the site of action. Moreover, phytochemicals have been known to exhibit their mechanism of biological activity by interfering with a biosynthetic pathway, cell wall destruction, DNA intercalation, interference with DNA transcription, and protein synthesis [ 56 , 57 ]. Furthermore, in order to account for the exact mechanism of action and the contribution of phytochemicals to the antiplasmodial activity of plants, the mechanism of action and drug-resistant activity of P. falciparum must be taken into account.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of Afzelia africana

Vigbedor

Osei-Owusu²,

Kwakye

et al. 2022

Biochemistry Research International

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Background. Afzelia africana is a plant species with reported numerous medicinal potentials and secondary metabolites. Various parts of the plant have been applied for the treatment of hernia, rheumatism, pain, lumbago, malaria, etc. The study seeks to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial, and ESI-MS scan of bioassay-guided fractions from the methanol extract of the bark of the plant. Aims. The main aim of the study was to carry out bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of Afzelia africana in order to isolate fractions and to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities and ESI-MS fingerprints. Methods. The methods employed include column chromatographic fractionation, phytochemical screening, antiplasmodial activity (malaria SYBER green assay (MSF)), and ESI-MS profile (full ESI-MS scan). Results. The column chromatographic fractionation and phytochemical screening of the plant led to the separation of the following four fractions: 1 (flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), 2 (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), 3 (anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids), and 4 (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids). The antiplasmodial activities of the fractions were tested against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum with reported stronger activities for 1 (IC50: 0.097 ± 0.034 μg/mL) and 3 (IC50: 1.43 ± 0.072 μg/mL), and weaker activities for 2 (IC50: >100 μg/mL) and 4 (IC50: 37.09 ± 6.14 μg/mL). The full ESI-MS fingerprint of fractions 1, 2, 3, and 4 revealed the presence of 14, 24, 34, and 37 major molecular ions or compounds in each fraction, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of Afzelia africana

Vigbedor

Osei-Owusu²,

Kwakye

et al. 2022

Biochemistry Research International

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“…In the case of the mixture between the essential oil of Citrus bergamia and clotrimazole, the results are due to the presence of linalool and linalyl acetate, which destroy cell membrane, change the nucleotides’ integrity, and interfere with cellular respiration [ 61 ]. In the case of P. aeruginosa , an additive interaction was reported by Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska and collab.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of P. aeruginosa , an additive interaction was reported by Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska and collab. in the case of a mixture between linalool and gentamicin [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies Regarding the Antimicrobial Behavior of Clotrimazole and Limonene

et al. 2022

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The paper presents the results of the studies performed to establish the effect of the mixtures between limonene and clotrimazole against microbial pathogens involved in dermatological diseases, such as Candida albicans, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Preliminary data obtained from the studies performed in microplates revealed a possible synergism between the mixture of clotrimazole and limonene for Staphylococcus aureus. Studies performed “in silico” with programs such as CLC Drug Discovery Workbench and MOLEGRO Virtual Docker, gave favorable scores for docking each compound on a specific binding site for each microorganism. The tests performed for validation, with the clotrimazole (0.1%) and different sources of limonene (1.9% citrus essential oils), showed a synergistic effect on Staphylococcus aureus in the case of the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus reticulata or Citrus paradisi. The studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus MRSA showed a synergistic effect between clotrimazole and the essential oils obtained from Citrus bergamia, Citrus aurantium, or Citrus paradisi. In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, essential oils and clotrimazole used alone did not exhibit antimicrobial activities, but the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus bergamia or Citrus sinensis exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect.

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“…Plant extracts contain many different classes of compounds, some of which have been shown to have antimicrobial activity (Khameneh et al, 2021). Classes of phytochemicals with antimicrobial activity include terpenes, alkaloids, and polyphenols such as flavonoids (Savoia, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Natural Products as Antimicrobials for Control of Streptomyces scabies: A Causative Agent of the Common Scab Disease

et al. 2022

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The common scab disease caused by Streptomyces scabies, a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium, is an economically important disease of potatoes and other tuber crops. The lack of effective treatments against this disease accounts for large economic losses globally. Plant extracts were screened to find several that effectively inhibited Streptomyces scabies growth in culture. Seven tinctures showed the greatest inhibition of S. scabies growth by reducing pathogen growth in culture by 75% or more. These extracts were myrrh, garlic, cayenne, barberry, frankincense, wild indigo root, and lavender. Myrrh extract from Commiphora myrrha, a resin made from tree sap, showed strong antibacterial activity by reducing the growth of S. scabies to 13% of the control. Additionally, a flavonoid library was screened to identify several compounds that were effective to control the pathogen growth. The flavonoids that showed the greatest inhibition of Streptomyces scabies growth were sophoraflavanone G, jaceosidin, baicalein, and quercetin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the effective flavonoids were calculated to be 6.8 ± 0.4 μM, 100.0 ± 2.1 μM, 202.9 ± 5.3 μM, and 285.2 ± 6.8 μM, respectively. The mean lethal doses for these flavonoids against Streptomyces scabies were 2.0 ± 0.1 μM, 22.6 ± 0.5 μM, 52.9 ± 1.3 μM, and 37.8 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. A live/dead assay showed complete cell death in the presence of sophoraflavanone G indicative of a bactericidal mechanism for flavonoid action on Streptomyces scabies. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed damaged cell membrane morphologies when Streptomyces scabies was exposed to these flavonoids. Mycelia appeared as flat and deflated structures with contents seen as spewing from branching hyphae with numerous holes and tears in the membrane structure indicative of cell death. Sophoraflavanone G showed the greatest potency and potential as a natural antibiotic from the library of tested flavonoids. These results suggest that these plant compounds act on the pathogen through a bactericidal mechanism involving cell membrane destabilization and disruption leading to cell death.

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Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Cited by 42 publications

References 236 publications

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of Afzelia africana

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, ESI-MS Scan, Phytochemical Screening, and Antiplasmodial Activity of Afzelia africana

Studies Regarding the Antimicrobial Behavior of Clotrimazole and Limonene

Plant Natural Products as Antimicrobials for Control of Streptomyces scabies: A Causative Agent of the Common Scab Disease

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