Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Abstract

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 μgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Incorporation of Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC. extract in microemulsions and their potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activities

“…Brazilian legislation, through Collegiate Board Resolution (RDC) Nº 30, from June 1, 2012 (Brasil, 2012), establishes 6.0 as a minimum value for considering that a product has photoprotective activity. Thus, when confront the values previously obtained by Debiasi et al (2021) in which they find a value of an SPF value of 5.41 ± 0.00 for the crude extract of C. glabrata, with the SPF values obtained after incorporating the extract into the MECs, there was a decrease in them presenting values between 2.14 to 2.84 ± 0.00. Although this decrease in the value of SPF, the MECs containing extract can still help in reducing the use of synthetic photoprotective compounds in cosmetic products, in order to minimize unwanted effects caused by them.…”

“…The analysis of the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH radical scavenging method showed statistical difference between all formulations (p <0.05), with the following decreasing sequence of antioxidant activity: 4 MEC> 2 MEC> 3 MEC> 5 MEC> 1 MEC. However, there was an improvement in the antioxidant capacity when compared to analyzes performed by Debiasi et al (2021) in crude extracts of the C. glabrata leaves, which showed an EC 50 of 49.79 ± 0.47 µgmL -1 . Concerning the ABTS + radical scavenging method, there was no statistical difference between 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 MEC since these values remained close.…”

“…Within the genus Cordia, numerous biological activities in different types of extracts are reported, in addition to the existence of a herbal product from the species C. verbenacea (Al-Musayeib et al, 2011;Rahman and Akhtar, 2016). Thus, as pointed out by Debiasi et al (2021) during phytochemical analysis, the ethanolic extract of C. glabrata showed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in its composition, as well as an antioxidant activity superior to other species from the same genus, and a potent virucidal activity (CV 50 < 0.195 µgmL -1 ) against HSV-2, making it interesting for incorporation into carrier systems since they can improve the extract's biological activities.…”

“…In previous research (Debiasi et al, 2021), the present group found that the crude ethanolic extract of C. glabrata has an antioxidant and virucidal activity against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Thus, the work aimed to develop different microemulsions containing ethanolic extracts of C. glabrata leaves and evaluate the physicochemical stability and biological activities of the extract in the developed systems.…”

“…The aim of this study was to develop microemulsions containing ethanolic extracts of C. glabrata leaves and to evaluate the stability and biological activities, in addition to the possibility of enhancing these therapeutic actions, since promising results for the crude extract have already been observed and reported by Debiasi et al (2021).…”