PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS OF Dillenia suffruticosa LEAVES

Abstract

Dillenia suffruticosa or ‘Simpur bini’ is known to have ethnomedicinal properties and had been used traditionally to heal wounds, relieve fever and rheumatism. There has been limited studies carried out on this species, therefore, this study aims to evaluate the phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous extract, methanol extract and its fractions obtained from the leaves of D. suffruticosa. The dried leaves were extracted using methanol before successive solvent partitioning was carried out on the extract using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and diethyl ether. In addition to this, aqueous decoction was conducted. The antioxidant activities were determined using Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods. Phytochemical screening had shown that most of the extracts and fractions contained alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, flavonoids and saponins. The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions showed higher TPC and TFC values. The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions also showed higher antioxidant activities determined via DPPH assay. Antibacterial activities determined using disc diffusion assay showed the methanol extract and its fractions had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the diethyl ether fraction having comparable activity with the standard antibiotic streptomycin. However, inhibition against Bacillus subtilis was only observed in hexane, chloroform and diethyl ether fractions. No inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study identified the diethyl ethyl and ethyl acetate fractions of D. suffruticosa leaves as potential sources of bioactive compounds. Further investigations on the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive compounds of this species may lead to the discovery of new pharmaceutical or effective antimicrobial agents.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Dillenia excelsa leaf

“…Methanol extract of stem bark of D. serrata scavenged DPPH radicals (48.2-59.7%) at 100 μg/mL (Sabandar et al 2020). Methanol extract D. suffruticosa leaves has IC50 305.09±4.53 μg/mL DPPH radical scavenging (Yakop et al 2020;Sinala et al 2020). This study used ascorbic acid as a comparison (Table 5).…”

“…Based on the results obtained, the extract's yield is large. Bordoloi et al 2019 reported that ethanolic extract of D. indica has a 4.7% yield, 10.07% of methanol extract of fruit (Gogoi et al 2012), and 21.8% in methanolic extract of D. suffruticosa leaves (Yakop et al 2020).…”

“…The secondary metabolite compounds of Dillenia serrata were researched by Illing et al 2017 showed that ethanol extract of fruits contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenolics, and terpenoids, while methanol extract of its stem bark contained flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins (Sabandar et al 2020). Thooptianrat et al (2017); Putra et al (2019); Yakop et al (2020) showed that ethyl acetate extract of D. suffruticosa leaves contains tannins, polyphenols, and triterpenoids and triterpenoids. On the other hand, Shama et al (2019) reported that the ethanolic extract of D. bracteata contains glycosides, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, amino acids, gums, mucilages, and flavonoids.…”

“…Ethanolic extract of D. bracteata leaves has 68.67 mg GAE/g extract (Shama et al 2019), while the total phenolic concentration of stem bark D. serrata was 59.2 mg GAE/g (Sabandar et al 2020). Methanol extract D. suffruticosa leaves has total phenolic content of 309.91 ±3.42 mgGAE/g dry weight extract (Yakop et al 2020).…”

“…While total flavonoid content in the stem bark extract D. serrata was 23.4 mg QE/g (Sabandar et al 2020). Methanol extract D. suffruticosa leaves have total flavonoid content of 36.24±1.36 mgQE/g dry weight extract (Yakop et al 2020). In addition, research from Liana and Murningsih (2019) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the bark extract of D. auriculata contain total flavonoids are equivalent to 19.53±0.08 RE/g extract so that it has differences in the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the methanol extract of D. excelsa leaves, this is influenced by plant varieties, climate, geographical conditions so that it affects the chemical content in plant extracts and their bioactivity.…”