Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants

Abstract

Plants have been used for medical purposes since ancient times. However, a detailed analysis of their biological properties and their associated active compounds is needed to justify their therapeutic use in modern medicine. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify the phenolics present in hydromethanolic extracts of the roots and shoots of the Chinese Salvia species, Salvia bulleyana. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection. The extracts of S. bulleyana were also screened for their antioxidant activity using ferric ion (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS), superoxide radical anion (O2•–), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. The S. bulleyana extracts were found to contain 38 substances, of which 36 were phenols, with a total level of 14.4 mg/g DW (dry weight) in shoots, and 23.1 mg/g DW in roots. Twenty-eight phenols were polyphenolic acids or their derivatives, the most abundant in shoots being rosmarinic acid, and in roots, salvianolic acid K followed by rosmarinic acid. The other major phenolic acids were caffeic acid, caffeoyl-threonic acids, isomers of lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid F, salvianolic acid B, and yunnaneic acid E. In addition to polyphenolic acids, nine flavonoids were detected in the shoot extract. While both extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, the shoot extract, containing both polyphenolic acids and flavonoids, demonstrated a slightly greater antioxidant potential in some of the anti-radical tests than the roots. However, the root extract proved to be slightly more effective in the lipid peroxidation inhibition test. Thus, S. bulleyana was demonstrated as a promising source of antioxidants, and worthy of further more detailed studies.

Cytokinin-Based Tissue Cultures for Stable Medicinal Plant Production: Regeneration and Phytochemical Profiling of Salvia bulleyana Shoots

“…The phytochemical profile of the hydromethanolic extracts from four in vitro derived shoot lines and control shoots were investigated using HPLC. The compounds were identified based on their fragmentation pathway against standard compounds or the literature data [8]. Our results show that the in vitro propagated plants possess chemical profiles similar to each other and to the mother culture, confirming that no somatic mutation occurred during the in vitro propagation process (Table 4).…”

“…Lyophilized plant material (100 mg) from four different culture lines and controls, after 10 passages (cir. one year) in in vitro conditions, was pulverized and extracted with methanol: water (4:1, v/v) using a UD ultrasonic disintegrator (Techpan, Warsaw, Poland) as described previously [8]. The obtained extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure and stored in a refrigerator at 2-4 • C before analysis.…”

“…The obtained extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure and stored in a refrigerator at 2-4 • C before analysis. The metabolite profile of the hydromethanolic extracts was determined using UPLC-DAD/ESI-MS as presented previously [8]. An analysis was performed using a UPLC-3000 RS system (Dionex, Germering Germany) equipped with an AmaZon SL ion trap mass spectrometer with an ESI interface (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) and a PDF detector, and a Zorbax SB-C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm; Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA).…”

“…It has been also used as a tranquilizer and to resolve swelling. S. bulleyana is known to be a rich source of polyphenolic acid and a promising medical bioresource with 28 phenolic compounds being detected in hydromethanolic extracts from shoots and roots of the species [8,9]. Among polyphenolic acids or their derivatives, the main secondary metabolite is rosmarinic acid in the shoots, and salvianolic acid K in the roots.…”

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Properties of Red and White Wine Extracts In Vitro

“…This degree polyphenol enrichment constitutes the only major component difference between red and white wines. Among polyphenols, flavonoids such as flavones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, and tannins are plant-derived compounds with antioxidant properties [ 30 ]. They account for over 85% of the phenolic components in red wines, providing the characteristic red color and distinctive taste; they are also implicated in exerting beneficial properties on human health, including cardiovascular protection effects [ 25 , 31 ].…”