Phytochemical Fingerprinting and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Aerial Parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd. and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov Growing Widely in Southern Kazakhstan

Abstract

The chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extracts (60% v/v) from the aerial parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd (TM) and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov (TS) from Southern Kazakhstan flora was analyzed together with their hexane fractions. Determination of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of both extracts was also performed. RP-HPLC/PDA and HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS showed that there were some differences between the composition of both extracts. The most characteristic components of TM were rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, while protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and eriodictyol predominated in TS. The content of polyplenols was higher in TS than in TM. The GC-MS analysis of the volatile fraction of both examined extracts revealed the presence of thymol and carvacrol. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids, fatty acids, and their ethyl esters were found in TM, and fatty acid methyl esters in TS. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was similar. The antibacterial activity of TS extract was somewhat higher than TM, while antifungal activity was the same. TS extract was the most active against Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) = 0.625 mg/mL, exerting a bactericidal effect. The obtained data provide novel information about the phytochemistry of both thyme species and suggest new potential application of TS as a source of bioactive compounds, especially with anti-H. pylori activity.

Extraction Processes Affect the Composition and Bioavailability of Flavones from Lamiaceae Plants: A Comprehensive Review

“…However, in O. vulgare aerial parts, the same flavones profile was found using UAE, PLE, and MAE [148], while fewer flavones were found in another extract obtained by PLE [60,149]. With regard to Thymus genus, UAE is a popular extraction method to extract flavones from species such as T. marschallianus, T. seravschanicus, and T. serpyllum, and T. vulgaris [150][151][152]. Nevertheless, PLE is also effective in the extraction of flavones from Thymus species [149], including cirismaritin from T. serpyllum [60], which was also detected in T. Vulgaris after a combination of alternative extraction methods, namely pulsed electric field followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction [153].…”

Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of the Ethanolic Extract from the Aerial Part of Crocus alatavicus Regel & Semen Growing Wildly in Southern Kazakhstan

“…It is worth noting that the spontaneous flora of Kazakhstan, consisting of many endemic and rare species [ 20 , 21 ], can be regarded as a rich source of several, not fully explored medicinal plants with novel potential applications [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Therefore, attempts have been made to introduce them for cultivation [ 30 ].…”

“…The analysis of polyphenolic constituents by high-performance reverse-phase liquid chromatography combined with a photodiode-array detection (RP-HPLC/PDA) was described previously [ 22 ]. Briefly, the extract was purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE).…”

“…The CA extract was analyzed qualitatively by a HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS system in negative ion mode with the use of a 6530B Accurate-mass-QTOF-MS (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) mass spectrometer with an ESI-Jet Stream ion source by the procedure described previously [ 22 ]. The Agilent 1260 infinity chromatograph was equipped with a DAD detector, autosampler, binary gradient pump and column oven.…”

“…Among all the reference strains of microorganisms used in this study, only S. aureus ATCC BAA-1707 that belongs to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is characterized by an acquired type of resistance to antibiotics (β-lactams). The antimicrobial assays were performed as described in detail previously [ 22 , 33 ]. Vancomycin (0.03–10 mg/mL), ciprofloxacin (0.007–10 mg/mL) and fluconazole (0.03–10 mg/mL) were included as reference antimicrobial substances active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria or yeasts.…”