Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties of Rhus coriaria

Abstract

Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), sumac, is a common condiment, appetizer and souring agent in the Mediterranean region that has a long history in traditional medicine. R. coriaria has been prescribed for the treatment of many ailments including diarrhea, ulcer, hemorrhoids, hemorrhage, wound healing, hematemesis, and eye ailments like ophthalmia and conjunctivitis. The plant is also used as diuresis, antimicrobial, abortifacient and as a stomach tonic. Sumac is known to be rich in different classes of phytochemicals including tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids and essential oils and continues to be a hot topic for extensive research work designed for revealing its phytochemical constituents and evaluating its bioactive properties. This review summarizes the recent phytochemical and diverse bioactivity studies on R. coriaria, especially those concerned with antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory studies.

Volatile Composition and Biological Activity of Jordanian Commercial Samples of R. coriaria L. Fruits

“…Only EO-5 showed good percentages of β-caryophyllene (10.1%) and cembrene (8.4%) followed by palmitic acid (9.4%) and carvone (9.1%). It is also well reported that the β-caroyophyllene, cembrene, n-nonanal, and p-anisaldehyde were the major compounds too [28], but not in our samples.…”

“…The mean IC 50 values of samples (1-8) were 175.2, 310.5, 169.5, 221.5, 165.5, 195.0, 225.0, and 165.5 µg/mL respectively, which were compared with the standard antioxidant rutin (IC 50 2.93 µg/mL). The potential antioxidant activity exhibited by the essential oil may be due to the presence of a variety of chemical compounds like β-caryophyllene [36,37], (E)-cinnamaldehyde [38], carvacrol [39], carvone [40], cembrene [41], eugenol [42], methyl palmitate, palmitic acid, oleic acid [28,43], α-copaene [44], α-himachalene [45], α-humulene [46], α-terpineol [47], and δ-cadinene [48] which are present in the these samples. All these compounds are collectively responsible for antioxidant activity.…”

“…They reported also the presence of marker compounds which are non-terpenes like nonanal and p-anisaldehyde [17,27], sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as (E)-caryophyllene [23,24] and the diterpene cembrene [24,27]. Recently, Elagbar et al (2020) reviewed extensively the phytochemical diversity and the pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antihepatitis, antiulverigenic, cardioprotective, anticholinesterase, anticancer, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities of R. coriaria and other Rhus species [28]. Farag et al (2018) reported 74 volatile emissions in R. coriaria fruits (sumac) and roasted fruits from three different geographical countries (Egypt, Palestine, and Jordan) using the solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) [29].…”

Rhus Coriaria L. (Sumac) Leaves as an Antibacterial Agent

“…In-vitro antibacterial activity of R. coriaria extracts has been previously suggested to be due to the presence of tannins (30). While some of the compounds identi ed in R. coriaria had been reported in the literature (3,5,6,7,16,17) and were in the reaxys.com database, we identi ed the presence of the compound quercetin diglucoside (C 27 H 30 O 17 ) in R. coriaria for the rst time. The other major compounds found were: quercitrin, myricetin glucoside, myricetin rhamnoside, ethyl gallate, ethyl digallate, thea avin, and baccatune.…”

“…Those studies found terpenoids, avonoids and hydrolysable tannins as possible active compounds (4,7,9,16). R. coriaria has a number of medicinal effects, exhibiting antidiabetic, anti-in ammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-ischemic, hypolipidemic and antibacterial activities (3,5,17). The antibacterial activity of R. coriaria was discovered using different fruit extracts: methanolic, ethanolic and water.…”