Phytochemical Constituents of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity against LPS/IFN-γ-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cell Line

Abstract

This study aims to identify the major phytochemical constituents in Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) ethanolic leaf extract (ALEX-M) and elucidate their ability to suppress nitric oxide (NO) production from a murine macrophage-like cell line (RAW 264.7) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions of ALEX-M were subjected to column chromatography. Eight known compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. Compounds were identified using spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR). Anti-inflammatory activity of both extract and isolated compounds were investigated in vitro. The fractions offered the isolation of epifriedelanol ( 1 ), 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone ( 2 ), luteolin-7,3′,4′-trimethyl ether ( 3 ), luteolin-7,4′-dimethyl ether ( 4 ), acacetin ( 5 ), aquilarinenside E ( 6 ), iriflophenone-2- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 7 ), and iriflophenone-3- C -β-glucoside ( 8 ). The findings suggest the pharmacological potential of the crude extract (ALEX-M) and its isolates as natural anti-inflammatory agents, capable of suppressing NO production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS/IFN-γ.

Synthesis, characterization, and anti‐inflammatory properties of novel ethyl 3‐benzoyl‐7‐(trifluoromethyl)indolizine‐1‐carboxylate derivatives: In silico and in vitro analysis

“…The cell viability was assessed by using MTT assay in accordance with protocol, approximately 1 × 10 4 cells were seeded in 96 well plates and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO 2 humidified incubator for 24 h. Treat the cells with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, and 50 μM) of synthesized compounds for 24 h. After that 24 h give the treatment of MTT (0.5 mg/mL) and incubate at 37°C for 3 h. Remove the spent media and formazan crystals in the cells were solubilized with DMSO with gentle shaking for 30 min on a rotary shaker. Finally, the absorbance of purple‐color formazan crystals was read at 570 nm using a micro plate reader (Eissa et al., 2022).…”

Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Lyophyllum decastes with MAPK-mediated immune regulation ability in mice

“…The present study showed that LDP-W stimulation leads to higher levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. IL-6 is a Th2-type cytokine that plays an important role in promoting cell differentiation to Th2 (Eissa et al, 2022). The results showed that LDP-W could significantly enhance the secretion of IL-6.…”

Sesquiterpenoids and hexanorcucurbitacin from Aquilaria malaccensis agarwood with anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the STAT1/AKT/MAPK/NLRP3 pathway

“… 9 And recently, in vivo and in vitro studies reported the phytomedicinal uses of agarwood of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic activity in asthma, neurological disorders, stress and anxiety reduction, cancer, and others. 10 While A. malaccensis and agarwood have shown potential in various areas of traditional medicine, scientific research is still ongoing to validate these claims and to better understand the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects.…”