Phytochemical Compositions of Immature Wheat Bran, and Its Antioxidant Capacity, Cell Growth Inhibition, and Apoptosis Induction through Tumor Suppressor Gene

Abstract

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction in extracts of immature wheat bran. Immature wheat bran (IWB) was obtained from immature wheat harvested 10 days earlier than mature wheat. The phytochemical compositions of bran extract samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The total ferulic acid (3.09 mg/g) and p-coumaric acid (75 µg/g) in IWB were significantly higher than in mature wheat bran (MWB, ferulic acid: 1.79 mg/g; p-coumaric acid: 55 µg/g). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC: 327 µM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA: 4.59 µM Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g) of the IWB were higher than those of the MWB (ORAC: 281 µM TE/g; CAA: 0.63 µM QE/g). When assessing cell proliferation, the IWB extracts resulted in the lowest EC 50 values against HT-29 (18.9 mg/mL), Caco-2 (7.74 mg/mL), and HeLa cells (8.17 mg/mL) among bran extract samples. Additionally, the IWB extracts increased the gene expression of p53 and PTEN (tumor suppressor genes) in HT-29 cells, indicating inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis through tumor suppressor genes.

Inhibitory effect of fermented selected barley extracts with Lactobacillus plantarum dy‑1 on the proliferation of human HT‐29 Cells

“…Overexpressed Bax is able to couple with Bcl‐2 competitively to form Bcl‐2/Bax heterodimers, thereby inducing apoptosis. Similar results were observed by Horie et al (Kim, Yoon, & Kim, ), indicating that the extracts of immature wheat bran played the pro‐apoptotic effect by upregulating expression level of Bax and downregulating the Bcl‐XL and Mcl‐1 expressions. It has been demonstrated that the mitochondria apoptosis, represented by the release of Cytochrome‐C from mitochondria, was partially ascribed to the regulation of Bcl‐2 family expressions (Fu et al, ).…”

“…Similar results were observed by Horie et al(Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2016), indicating that the extracts of immature wheat bran played the pro-apoptotic effect by upregulating expression level of Bax and downregulating the Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 expressions. It has been demonstrated that the mitochondria apoptosis, represented…”

Wheat grain phenolics: a review on composition, bioactivity, and influencing factors

“…123 A significantly positive correlation was observed between ferulic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, and ABTS •scavenging capacity, but only coumaric acid was closely related to DPPH • assay value, and no significant correlation was found between phenolic acid compound and ORAC and Fe 2+ chelating capacity. 40 The results of Kim et al 66 showed that ORAC values were correlated with bound ferulic acid (r = 0.815), free p-coumaric acid (r = 0.823), bound p-coumaric acid (r = 0.779), free syringaldehyde (r = 0.713), and bound syringaldehyde (r = 0.781). It has to be mentioned that the individual phenolic acid antioxidant activity tested by standard reference compounds might differ from the actual antioxidant activity of wheat grain extracts.…”

“…127 The antioxidant capacity of wheat bran extracts tested by using CAA was found to be 0.63 μmol L -1 quercetin equivalent (QE)/g in the case of mature wheat and 4.59 μmol L -1 QE•g −1 in the case of immature wheat, while the corresponding total ORAC value (the sum of free and bound) was 44 μmol L -1 TE•g −1 and 54 μmol L -1 TE•g −1 , respectively. 66 Comparing the CAA of 10 wheat varieties, wheat bran of the 'SS520' variety exhibited the highest CAA value of 418 μmol GAE•g −1 , while the 'Chesapeake' wheat variety had the lowest value of 51.3 μmol GAE•g −1 . 50 There was no correlation between the CAA value and any other result determined by chemical techniques.…”

Reactive Oxygen Species, Superoxide Dimutases, and PTEN-p53-AKT-MDM2 Signaling Loop Network in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Regulation

“…Studies have shown an antioxidant role for tumor suppressor molecules: they adjust the expression of some antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress [ 53 ]. For example, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) performs as this, which is a tumor suppressor gene that is often deleted and/or mutated in a lot of human cancers [ 54 ].…”