Phytochemical Composition of Solanum retroflexum Analysed with the Aid of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated to Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS)

Abstract

Solanum retroflexum (nightshade) is an edible plant that is consumed in some regions of South Africa. Its leaves are a good source of vitamins, proteins, and minerals. It appears that there is no scientific report about the phytochemical composition of S. retroflexum. Here, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS) technique was use to achieve an untargeted metabolite fingerprinting of this plant. A total of 30 phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and cinnamic acids derivatives, were identified from the methanolic leaf extracts. The concentration of solvent did not affect the type of compounds extracted. The extraction resulted in qualitative yields of molecules such as quercetin-3-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-0-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-0-glucoside, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, and 3, 4-di-caffeoylquinic acid. The present study confirms the presence of phytochemical compounds in S. retroflexum similar to other Solanum plants.

Deciphering the effects of kosmotrope and chaotrope salts during aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE) of polyphenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids from the leaves of a nutraceutical plant, Solanum retroflexum, with the aid of UPLC-QTOF-MS

“…1a and b were observed and indicated isomers of CQA. Daji et al [14] reported a similar observation when methanol extracts were screened on the UPLC-qTOF-MS. A precursor ion at m/z 295 with a retention time of 4.32 min was observed for all the kosmotropes and chaotropes except for AgNO 3 , KNO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 . Interestingly, the precursor ion at m/z 295 and 4.32 min was not reported by Daji et al [14] in the methanol extracts they analyzed on the UPLC-qTOF-MS, probably indicating that this was a unique compound.…”

“…1a and b). Similarly, Daji et al [14], Ramabulana et al [27] and Pinela et al [32] reported on precursor ions at m/z 609 and m/z 593 as flavonoids.…”

“…Two other glycoalkaloid isomers at m/z 722 were observed for the majority of chaotropes and kosmotropes. The occurrence of metabolites at m/z 868 and m/z 722 has been reported as glycoalkaloids in a variety of Solanum plants, examples include; S. tuberosum [33], S. chacoense [34] and S. retroflexum [14].…”

“…Upreti et al [13] studied the phytochemical constituents of S. xanthocarpum fruits, obtained through methanolic extraction, and found that it contained alkaloids and glycosides. Daji et al [14] investigated the phytochemical profile of S. retroflexum leaves using methanolic extracts and found a rage of cinnamic acids, polyphenols and alkaloids.…”

Optimization of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Defatted Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Seed Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties

“…A total of 20 experimental runs were Most of the flavonoids contained either kaempferol, apigenin or isohamnetin core moieties. These illustrate that sugar moieties mostly attached to the basic skeleton flavonoid of DPSE and the total number of sugar moieties and their attachment to the structure of flavonoid effect their antioxidant activity [63]. In addition to the above, phenolic acid metabolites such as sinapic acid and E-p-coumatic acid have been detected in DPSE.…”