Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Fibre Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Lithuania

Abstract

The phytochemistry of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L., cv. Futura 75 and Felina 32) cultivated in Lithuania was investigated. The soil characteristics (conductivity, pH and major elements) of the cultivation field were determined. The chemical composition of hemp extracts and essential oils (EOs) from different plant parts was determined by the HPLC/DAD/TOF and GC/MS techniques. Among the major constituents, β-caryophyllene (≤46.64%) and its oxide (≤14.53%), α-pinene (≤20.25%) or α-humulene (≤11.48) were determined in EOs. Cannabidiol (CBD) was a predominant compound (≤64.56%) among the volatile constituents of the methanolic extracts of hemp leaves and inflorescences. Appreciable quantities of 2-monolinolein (11.31%), methyl eicosatetraenoate (9.70%) and γ-sitosterol (8.99%) were detected in hemp seed extracts. The octadecenyl ester of hexadecenoic acid (≤31.27%), friedelan-3-one (≤21.49%), dihydrobenzofuran (≤17.07%) and γ-sitosterol (14.03%) were major constituents of the methanolic extracts of hemp roots, collected during various growth stages. The CBD quantity was the highest in hemp flower extracts in pentane (32.73%). The amounts of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) were up to 24.21% in hemp leaf extracts. The total content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers was the highest in hemp flower pentane extracts (≤22.43%). The total phenolic content (TPC) varied from 187.9 to 924.7 (average means, mg/L of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)) in aqueous unshelled hemp seed and flower extracts, respectively. The TPC was determined to be up to 321.0 (mg/L GAE) in root extracts. The antioxidant activity (AA) of hemp extracts and Eos was tested by the spectrophotometric DPPH● scavenging activity method. The highest AA was recorded for hemp leaf EOs (from 15.034 to 35.036 mmol/L, TROLOX equivalent). In the case of roots, the highest AA (1.556 mmol/L, TROLOX) was found in the extracts of roots collected at the seed maturation stage. The electrochemical (cyclic and square wave voltammetry) assays correlated with the TPC. The hydrogen-peroxide-scavenging activity of extracts was independent of the TPC.

An ethnobotanical survey on the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa L. in the province of Taounate, Morocco

“…The use of leaves and flowers has been reported as the most used parts of Cannabis sativa L. (46.4 %), followed by seeds (7.2 %). The use of leaves and flowers are explained by the fact that their composition present a variety of secondary metabolites like cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids (Judžentienė et al 2023. Indeed, the use of leaves could be explained by the ease of harvest and simplicity of the herbal remedy preparation (Benkhaira et al 2021, El-Assri et al 2021.…”

Targeting Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: The Role of Cannabis Compounds

“…It is considered that only CBG, CBD, ∆9-THC, and CBC are originally biosynthesized in Cannabis, and in all likelihood, other metabolites are generated through their decomposition [12]. The glandular trichomes on the female flowers are cannabinoid-rich, while the organs devoid of trichomes (roots, seeds) exhibit no presence of cannabinoids; still, the contents of Cannabis chemical compositions vary with breeding conditions or the techniques used for extract preparation [13]. Diverse ∆9-THC and CBD ratios in Cannabis have led to the identification of three different phenotypes: with a higher content of ∆9-THC (drug-like phenotype I); with the enhanced amount of CBD and concomitant ∆9-THC (intermediate-phenotype II); with a dominant quantity of CBD (fibre-type or hemp phenotype III) [10].…”

The Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential of Leaves and Inflorescences Extracts of Selected Hemp Varieties Obtained with scCO2

“…These plant materials, often treated as waste during the production of seeds and fibers, might possess diseasepreventative potential if they possess biological activity. For example, it would be beneficial to present their antioxidant and neuroprotective activity as Cannabis sativa is known to have such properties [61][62][63][64]. Given the increasing focus on natural remedies and plantbased therapies, unlocking the medicinal potential of these overlooked parts could offer a sustainable and holistic approach to disease prevention, bolstered by their potential biological activity [65][66][67].…”

“…Cannabis plant material after extraction provides compounds that are responsible for the smell, terpenes like β-myrcene, limonene, and β-(E)-caryophyllene, as well as α-humulene [35,85]. These components exert their biological activity, including antioxidant potential [64,86]. Cannabis plant material should be treated as a whole, thus it is also worth mentioning that phenolic compounds, e.g., phenolic acids and flavonoids in their glycoside and aglycone forms which are found in cannabis plant material chlorogenic and caffeic acids, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, naringenin, quercetin, apigenin, cannaflavin B and lignanamides cannabisin A, B, and C also play a significant role in cannabis antioxidant properties [64,[87][88][89][90][91].…”