Phytochemical Characterization of Mentha spicata L. Under Differential Dried-Conditions and Associated Nephrotoxicity Screening of Main Compound With Organ-on-a-Chip

Abstract

Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is normally used as a vegetable flavoring herb. It also has several pharmacological activities against fever, cough, infection, and inflammation. The current study presents an untargeted comparative metabolomics approach utilizing HPLC-QTOF-MS high-throughput analytical technology to provide insights into the effect of the drying process on the examined spearmint species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compositional differences among fresh and dried spearmint leaves determined via a metabolomic approach to reveal that dried leaves are a better source of bioactive metabolites. The nephrotoxicity of kaempferol, a bioactive metabolite from spearmint, was further assessed with a kidney-on-a-chip. On the designed chip, a GelMA-based 3D culture platform mimics the microenvironment and basic functions of the kidney. In addition, the chip’s transparency allows for direct observation under an optical microscope. Treatment of human embryonic kidney cells with 30 μM of kaempferol for 12 h induced no obvious cell injury or apoptosis in the cells, on the basis of morphology, thus providing a proof-of-concept demonstration of kaempferol’s non-toxicity.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms, Ftir Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of Rosmarinus Officinalis, Coriandrum Sativum L and Mentha Spicata

“…While the FTIR analysis conducted showed the presence of many characteristics functional groups such as Carboxylic acids, amine amide, and OH group along with sulphur derivatives with some notable alkanes and alkynes. The preliminary phytochemical screening indicates the presence of various secondary metabolites such as Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Triterpenoids and Steroids which is evident in the research carried out by [35,36,37]. Therefore, these findings suggest that all the three plants samples analyzed contain many phytochemical compounds in them, and conclusively are a potential sources of natural antioxidants that could serve great importance for varieties of therapeutic purposes.…”

Mentha: A review on its bioactive compounds and potential health benefits

“…Mint essential oil had been exploited for the treatment of stomatitis and as a component in several antimicrobial and pain-relieving creams. Oil from mint has also been utilized for the cure of biliary disorders, muscle pain, irritable bowel syndrome, neuralgia, stomatitis, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, infrequent menstrual cycle, and embryonic kidney cells treated with 30 mM kaempferol for 12 h resulted in no evident cell harm or apoptosis, giving proof of concept for kaempferol's nontoxicity (Li and Tian, 2018).…”

Dracocephalum palmatum S. and Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. Originating from Yakutia: A High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Phenolic Compounds

“…The flavones apigenin 5-O-glucoside (compound 13), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (compound 14), acacetin 7-O-glucoside (compound 16), acacetin 8-O-glucoside (compound 17), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (compound 18), and diosmetin 7-O-β-glucoside (compound 21) have already been characterized as a component of rice [22], Oxalis corniculata [23], Mentha [24], pear [25], and Passiflora incarnata [26]…”