Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant potential of Allium ursinum L. cultivated on different soil types- a preliminary study

Abstract

Wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.) has been used as nutrition and medicine for centuries. Although this plant species is a typical springgeophyte that grows spontaneously in moist, steep, shady beech forests, but information on phytochemical and antioxidant propertiesunder various soil types are scarce. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of the leaves ofA. ursinum grown on different soil types, but under identical climatic conditions of South Banat, Serbia. For the purpose of reproduction,A. ursinum bulbs were collected from two different locations in Serbia and then planted on different types of soil, namely: Arenosol,Fluvisol, Cambisol and Chernozem. Fresh leaves of sprouted plants were sampled at the beginning of spring, morphologically analysedand stoma was counted. The leaf extract was prepared and its phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential were assessed.Regardless of the origin of the reproductive material (bulbs), the leaves of A. ursinum plants cultivated in Chernozem soil had the bestmorphological characteristics and the largest number of stomata. Phytochemical analyses revealed the following ranges for selectedbioactive compounds (expressed on fresh weight, FW): chlorophyll content (289.9-642.4 μg/g for chlorophyll a i.e. 358.2-458.6 μg/gfor chlorophyll b), total carotenoid content (TCC, 91.2-263.2 μg/g), total phenolic content (TPC, 1.43-1.98 mg/g GAE), total flavonoidcontent (TFC, 0.36-1.28 mg/g QE), and total dihydroxycinnamic acid derivative content (HCA, 0.53-0.59 mg/g CGAE). The highestvalues were obtained on Chernozem (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and TPC and HCA) and Cambisol (TCC and TFC). Chernozem appearedto be the best soil type during three applied standard antioxidant assays (CUPRAC, TAC and FRP) while DPPH radical quenching assayrevealed no significant differences among all examined soil types. Based on the obtained results it could be assumed that Chernozemexhibited the most desirable physico-chemical properties for optimal development of A. ursinum (in particular its green parts) as a sourceof different antioxidants. Correlation analysis of phytochemical parameters has proved significant influence of total chlorophylls, phenolics,flavonoids and duhydroxycinnamic acid derivatives on antioxidant activity of A. ursinum leaves (unlike total carotenoid content) with thehighest correlation between HCA and FRP assay (r2= 1.00). In addition, PCA analysis clearly determined Chernozem type of soil as thebest choice for optimal leaf growth and development.Keywords: Wild garlic; cultivation; morphology; leaves; phytochemicals

Allium Species in the Balkan Region—Major Metabolites, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties

“…In general, all parts of the plant including the bulb, peel, clove, leaf, pseudostem, root, flower, and seed exhibit antioxidant properties to varying degrees. However, it should be noted that antioxidant potential is strongly influenced by the extraction method as well as the applied solvent [14,[137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. DPPH • assay has most frequently been used to study the free radical scavenging activity of Allium species, followed by FRAP and ABTS .+ (Table 2).…”

“…DPPH • assay has most frequently been used to study the free radical scavenging activity of Allium species, followed by FRAP and ABTS .+ (Table 2). The results of the DPPH • assay showed a high inhibition percentage for A. cepa bulb peel (72.25%) [143], A. schoenoprasum leaves (78.37%) [149], A. fistulosum pseudostem (59.45%) [146], and A. ursinum bulb (32.06-66.61%) [150] as well as fair inhibition percentages for A. cepa bulb (24.79%) [141], A. schoenoprasum root (24.33%) [147], and A. ursinum leaves (27.69%, respectively) [150,152]. Moreover, A. ursinum bulbs showed high antioxidant activity in the FRAP assay (42.11 mM TE/g) [148].…”

A detailed survey of agroecological status of Allium ursinum across the republic of Serbia: Mineral composition and bioaccumulation potential

“…Therefore, it is important to monitor these elements and understand their impact on food safety and quality since soil serves as a reference point for the introduction of risky elements/compounds that can enter the human food chain [ 22 ]. In addition, the most recent research has proved that it is possible to grow A. ursinum under controlled, domesticated conditions by selecting an appropriate soil medium [ 23 ].…”