Phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus extract for application as natural antioxidant in fresh sausage

Promising Natural Products in Crop Protection and Food Preservation: Basis, Advances, and Future Prospects

“…International Journal of Agronomy Second, several extracts have been proven as potent against the activity of S. aureus isolates and their resistant strains (MRSA), P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacteriaceae, A. niger, A. flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, and Rhizopus microspores. Examples of such botanical extracts include extracts from Cymbopogon citratus leaves [178], Garcinia brasiliensis leaves [179], Lepechinia meyenii leaves [180], cranberry pomace [181], Persea americana seeds [182], Siegesbeckia orientalis L. whole plant part [183], Chrysophyllum albidum seeds [184], Ferula caspica aerial parts [185], Azadirachta indica leaves [116,186], red prickly pear fruit [187], and Citrus aurantium L. flower [188]. Also, essential oil from leaves, stem, fruit peels, cloves, flowers, rhizomes, and seeds of several plants such as Hymenaea cangaceira leaves [189], Vitex gardneriana leaves [190], Dalbergia pinnata stem [191], Citrus sp.…”

“…Although the active antimicrobial agents in these natural sources were not isolated before use, the activity of the extracts is a result of the inherent phytochemicals, which may be working together in synergy. e antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of the extracts have been attributed to phytochemicals such as citral, aspilactonol B, and 8-methyl-6-prenylquercetin (found in C. citratus) [178], fukugetin and fukugiside (found in G. brasiliensis) [179], carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol (found in L. meyenii) [180], and morin, myricetin, and rhamnetin (found in Cranberry) [181], while a wide range of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins was found in P. Americana seed extract [182]. In the same vein, the ethyl acetate fraction of S. orientalis contained compounds such as 16β, 17, 18-trihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid, 16β-hydro-ent-kauran-17, 19-dioic acid, 16α, 17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid, and 17, 18-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid [183], germacrene D, (E)-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, and β-elemene (found in H. cangaceira) [189], caryophyllene oxide, 6,9guaiadiene, and cis-calamenene (found in V. gardneriana) [190], elemicin, methyl eugenol, and 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (found in D. pinnata) [191], and limonene (found in citrus oil) [192].…”

“…Various crude extracts have been applied to some of these examples. In meat preservation, extracts from C. citratus effectively increased the shelf life and improved the quality of chicken sausage [178], while ethanol extract from cranberry pomace and methanol extract from citrus coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays inhibited lipid oxidation in pork and cooked Turkey meat, respectively [181,230]. Also, Tayengwa et al incorporated extracts from grape pomace (GP) and citrus pulp (CP) into diets of steers, and results showed that diets with GP extract extended the shelf life of the beef after slaughtering compared to CP extracts [212].…”

“…Similarly, studies showed that extracts from Terminalia arjuna bark [231], red prickly pear fruit [187], and Cucumis melo L. seeds [232] were successfully employed to elongate the shelf life of beef. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids were identified in hydroalcoholic extracts of C. citratus leaves [178] and extracts from T. arjuna bark, fruits, stem, and leaves [233], while fifteen phenolic compounds including naringenin-7-Oglycoside, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were identified in C. melo L. seeds [232]. ese extracts contribute to nutritional, organoleptic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of foods to which they are applied [234][235][236].…”

“…Different phytochemicals have been found to exert their antioxidant activity through pathways such as reactive species scavenging (free radicals, nonradicals, and transition metals), chelating effect, binding effect, and inhibition of lipoxygenase [248][249][250]. Typical examples are polyphenols such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds, which have a good antioxidant capacity and inhibit oxidative processes by either acting as a reactive species scavenger [183,237,251], lipoxygenase inhibitor [212,231,252], or as reducing agents for metmyoglobin [178,187]. Salicylic acid acts by stimulating enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, while citric acid inhibits oxidative processes by binding to metals using its hydroxyl and carboxyl moiety [230].…”