Phytochemical analysis of trifoliate orange during fermentation by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

Abstract

During the process of fermentation, the chemical compositions of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate (L). Raf) changed greatly. To provide a completely phytochemical profile, high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS) has been successfully applied to screen and identify the unknown constituents of trifoliate orange during fermentation, which make it available for the quality control of fermented products. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to classify the trifoliate oranges based on the status of fermentation. A total of 8 components were identified among the samples. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated the fermented and unfermented trifoliate oranges were obviously different, an effective and reliable Partial Least Square Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) technique was more suitable to provide accurate discrimination of test samples based their different chemical patterns. Furthermore, a permutation validated the reliability of PLS-DA and variable importance plot revealed that the characterized syringing, naringin, and poncirin showed the high ability to distinguish the trifoliate oranges during fermentation. The present investigation could provide detailed information for the quality control and evaluation of trifoliate oranges during the fermentation process.

Phenolic Profile and Fingerprint Analysis of Akebia quinata Leaves Extract with Endothelial Protective Activity

“…HCA is a clustering technology that analyzes the similarity and differences among different groups via an algorithm to obtain a dendrogram, which can directly show the differences between samples through color changes on a heatmap [ 50 , 51 ]. Thus, a heatmap cluster analysis was performed to evaluate the similarity and difference of the bioactive component profiles in the A. quinata leaves ( Figure 4 ).…”

Limonoids and coumarin derivatives in Citrus trifoliata and Foeniculum vulgare

“…Flavonoids are the predominant special metabolites in the fruit, with poncirin (41) as the main compound, which accounts for the 6% of the dry weight of the fruit. Hesperidin (42), neohesperidin (43), nobiletin (43), sinensetin (45) [41]- [43], narirutin (46), naringin 4′glucoside (47) [44], [45], naringin (48), neoponcirin (49) [46], [47] poncirenin (50) [48], and hesperidin methyl chalone (51) [34] have also been reported.…”