“…Pyroglutamic acid (upregulated by 14-fold) suppresses certain pathogen interactions 27 . Tetracosanoic acid (upregulated by 33-fold) is also related to antifungal activity 28 . Figure 2 PCA and OPLS-DA analysis of T. controversa -infected and noninfected samples.…”
Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.
“…Pyroglutamic acid (upregulated by 14-fold) suppresses certain pathogen interactions 27 . Tetracosanoic acid (upregulated by 33-fold) is also related to antifungal activity 28 . Figure 2 PCA and OPLS-DA analysis of T. controversa -infected and noninfected samples.…”
Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.
“…In addition to the new prenylated coumarins, manizapotins A–C ( 1 – 3 ), seven known prenylated coumarins were separated and identified as gravelliferone ( 4 ), , gravelliferone methyl ether ( 5 ), tanizin ( 6 ), anisocoumarin A ( 7 ), (+)-trachypleuranin A ( 8 ), (+)-7-methoxy-6-(2’ R - methoxy-3′-hydroxy-3′-methyl butyl)coumarin ( 9 ), and 7-methoxy-6[2′- oxo -3′-methyl butyl]coumarin ( 10 ) by comparing their experimental physical data with those reported data in the literature.…”
Manilkara zapota, usually known as Sapodilla, is a fairly slow-growing evergreen tropical tree which belongs to the genus Manilkara (Sapotaceae), indigenous to Central America, southern Mexico, and the Caribbean. The ripe fruits of M. zapota have been widely consumed as an uniquely flavored tropical fruit and verified to hold a variety of health benefits. In order to investigate the potential health-promoting chemical compositions from the fruits of M. zapota cultivated in Hainan Island of China, a systematic and in-depth phytochemical study on this fruit was accordingly implemented. In our current study, three new prenylated coumarins, manizapotins A−C (1−3), together with seven known prenylated coumarins (4−10), were separated from the fruits of M. zapota. The chemical structures of new prenylated coumarins 1−3 were unambiguously established by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, and the known compounds 4−10 were determined by comparing their experimental spectral data with those described data in the literature. This is the first time to discover prenylated coumarins occurring in M. zapota. The potential anti-inflammatory effects and anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) activities of all these separated prenylated coumarins were assessed. Prenylated coumarins 1−10 dispalyed remarkable inhibitory effects against nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with the IC 50 values equivalent to that of hydrocortisone in vitro. Meanwhile, prenylated coumarins 1−10 exhibited pronounced anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities with the EC 50 values in range of 0.12−8.69 μM. These results suggest that appropriate and reasonable consumption of the fruits of M. zapota might assist people to prevent and reduce the occurrence of inflammatory diseases together with the infection of HIV. Furthermore, the discovery of these prenylated coumarins from the fruits of M. zapota holding pronounced anti-inflammatory effects along with anti-HIV activities could be of great significance to the research and development of new natural anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV agents.
“…Kokusaginine ( 4 ) and flindersiamine ( 5 ) are furoquinoline alkaloids, and there are previous reports of antifouling compounds that have a furan ring . In particular, kokusaginine has several reported biological activities: acetylcholinesterase inhibition, insect antifeedant activity, antitumor, antiparasitic, and antibiotic . These last two biological activities may be directly related to the antifouling effect.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[23,[30][31][32][33] In particular, kokusaginine has several reported biological activities: acetylcholinesterase inhibition, [34,35] insect antifeedant activity, [36] antitumor, [37] antiparasitic, [38,39] and antibiotic. [40] These last two biological activities may be directly related to the antifouling effect. On the other hand, there are only a few references on the bioactivity of N-methyltetrahydroellipticine (3), the most active compound of the test.…”
In this work, the antifouling activity of five alkaloids, isolated from trees of the Atlantic rainforest, was studied. The tested alkaloids were olivacine (1), uleine (2) and N‐methyltetrahydroellipticine (3) from Aspidosperma australe (‘yellow guatambú’) and the furoquinoline alkaloids kokusaginine (4) and flindersiamine (5) from Balfourodendron riedelianum (‘white guatambú’). All these compounds can be isolated from their natural sources in high yields in a sustainable way. The five compounds were subjected to laboratory tests (attachment test of the mussel Mytilus edulis platensis) and field trials, by incorporation into soluble matrix paints, and 45 days of exposure of the painted panels in the sea. The results show that compound 3 is a very potent antifoulant, and that compounds 4 and 5 are also very active, while compounds 1 and 2 did not show any significant antifouling activity. These results open the way for the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents, based on abundant and easy‐to‐purify compounds that can be obtained in a sustainable way.
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