Phytate intake and molar ratios of phytate to zinc, iron and calcium in the diets of people in China

Ma, Guansheng; Li, Yanping; Jin, Ying; Zhai, Fengying; Kok, F.J.; Yang, Xiaoguang

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602513

Cited by 109 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It is interesting to note the very low phytate to calcium molar ratio for all infant cereals analyzed; apparently phytate could not compromise Ca availability since the critical value for which the absorption of calcium is compromised has been reported to be > 0.24 [4] . Three of the four infant cereals analyzed showed a phytate to zinc molar ratio above 12, a value implicated in interference with zinc bioavailability in humans [22,23] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Inositol phosphates were extracted from the different samples with 0.5 mol/L HCl at room temperature for 2 h. Because of the high binding capacity of inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) to minerals, we consider the sum of IP5 and IP6 to determine phytate content [4,13] . The molar ratios of phytate to iron, calcium, and zinc were calculated as the millimoles of phytate present in the sample divided by the millimoles of iron, calcium, and zinc present in the sample, respectively.…”

Section: Inositol Phosphate Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cereals are considered a rich plant source of carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, and are therefore usually introduced to an infant's diet between the ages of 4 and 6 mo. However, cereals are also rich in phytate, which can decrease the bioavailability of critical nutrients such as iron, calcium, and zinc because of its high ability to chelate and precipitate minerals [3,4] . Dephytinization by adding an exogenous phytase or by activating the naturally occurring plant phytases has been proposed as a sustainable strategy for reducing mineral deficiency by increasing mineral bioavailability in infant complementary cereal-based foods [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron, calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model

Frontela

Scarino²,

Ferruzza³

et al. 2009

WJG

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AIM:To test the effect of the dephytinization of three different commercial infant cereals on iron, calcium, and zinc bioavailability by estimating the uptake, retention, and transport by Caco-2 cells. METHODS:Both dephytinized (by adding an exogenous phytase) and non-dephytinized infant cereals were digested using an in vitro digestion protocol adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 mo. Mineral cell retention, transport, and uptake from infant cereals were measured using the soluble fraction of the simulated digestion and the Caco-2 cells. RESULTS:Dephytinization of infant cereals significantly increased (P < 0.05) the cell uptake efficiency (from 0.66%-6.05% to 3.93%-13%), retention (from 6.04%-16.68% to 14.75%-20.14%) and transport efficiency (from 0.14%-2.21% to 1.47%-6.02%), of iron, and the uptake efficiency (from 5.0%-35.4% to 7.3%-41.6%) and retention (from 4.05%-20.53% to 14.45%-61.3%) of zinc, whereas calcium only cell uptake showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) after removing phytate from most of the samples analyzed. A positive relationship (P < 0.05) between mineral solubility and the cell uptake and transport efficiencies was observed. CONCLUSION:Removing phytate from infant cereals had a beneficial effect on iron and zinc bioavailability when infant cereals were reconstituted with water. Since in developing countries cereal-based complementary foods for infants are usually consumed mixed with water, exogenous phytase additions could improve the nutritional value of this weaning food.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Inositol Phosphate Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron, calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model

Frontela

Scarino²,

Ferruzza³

et al. 2009

WJG

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“…The WHO normative requirements 29 of people with different bioavailability were used to assess the inadequacy of zinc intake. The percentage of people with zinc intake below the WHO normative requirement at different phytate/zinc molar ratios was calculated [30][31][32] . The estimation of zinc deficiency is based on zinc inadequacy and not any biochemical markers.…”

Section: Estimation Of Populations With Iron and Zinc Deficienciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron and zinc deficiencies in China: what is a feasible and cost-effective strategy?

Jin

et al. 2008

Public Health Nutr.

135

123

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In order to prioritise interventions for micronutrient deficiencies in China, the populations affected by iron and zinc deficiencies were assessed based on data from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. The costs and costeffectiveness of supplementation, food diversification and food fortification were estimated using the standard World Health Organization ingredients approach. Results indicated that 30% of children (,2 years), adults (.60 years), pregnant and lactating women, and 20% of women of reproductive age were anaemic, some 245 million people. Approximately 100 million people were affected by zinc deficiency (zinc intake inadequacy and stunting), the majority living in rural areas. Among interventions on iron and zinc deficiency, biofortification showed the lowest costs per capita, I$0.01 (international dollars), while dietary diversification through health education represented the highest costs at I$1148. The costeffectiveness of supplementation, food fortification and dietary diversification for iron deficiency alone was I$179, I$66 and I$103 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY), respectively. Data for biofortification were not available. For zinc deficiency, the corresponding figures were I$399, I$153 and I$103 per DALY, respectively. In conclusion, iron and zinc deficiencies are of great public health concern in China. Of the two long-term intervention strategies, i.e. dietary diversification and biofortification with improved varieties, the latter is especially feasible and cost-effective for rural populations. Supplementation and fortification can be used as short-term strategies for specific groups. Keywords Micronutrient deficiencyIron Zinc Cost-effectiveness ChinaThe latest World Health Organization (WHO) estimates reveal that undernutrition is an underlying cause of 53% of all deaths in children ,5 years of age 1 . It has been estimated that more than 2 billion of the world's population, nearly all in developing countries, are irondeficient 2,3 . Billions of individuals are also at risk for zinc deficiency 4 . Micronutrient deficiency not only affects the health and development of people 5-9 , but also hinders the social and economic development of countries. It is estimated that the loss in economic productivity due to iron deficiency in China is more than 3.6% of the gross national product 10 .The causes of micronutrient deficiencies include inadequate intakes, impaired absorption and/or utilisation, excessive losses, increased physiological need or the combination of these factors 11 . Insufficient intake and poor bioavailability are major causes in developing countries [12][13][14] . Micronutrient content and bioavailability can be improved by either increasing the quantity of a micronutrient or increasing enhancing factors/decreasing inhibiting factors in foods using different techniques or sources. Strategies for increasing the effective supply of nutrients fall into two categories, supplementation and food-based approaches. Supplementation is the addition of ...

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“…Seeds including cereals, legumes and nuts all contain phytate with concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 g per kg [8]. This presents a nutritional problem, as phytate can chelate ions with biological functions including zinc and iron [2,9]. It has also been suggested that phytate could form non-digestible complexes with exogenous protein sources and endogenous proteins involved in digestion, causing a reduction in growth in humans [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An isothermal titration calorimetry study of phytate binding to lysozyme

Darby

Platts

Daniel

et al. 2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to detect phytate binding to the protein lysozyme. This binding interaction was driven by electrostatic interaction between the positively charged protein and negatively charged phytate. When two phytate molecules bind to the protein, the charge on the protein is neutralised and no further binding occurs. The stoichiometry of binding provided evidence of phytate-lysozyme complex formation that was temperature dependent, being most extensive at lower temperatures. The initial stage of phytate binding to lysozyme was less exothermic than later injections and had a stoichiometry of 0.5 at 313 K, which was interpreted as phytate crosslinking two lysozyme molecules with corresponding water displacement. ITC could make a valuable in vitro assay to understanding binding interactions and complex formation that normally occur in the stomach of monogastric animals and the relevance of drinking water temperature on the extent of phytate-protein interaction. Interpretation of ITC data in terms of cooperativity is also discussed.

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Phytate intake and molar ratios of phytate to zinc, iron and calcium in the diets of people in China

Cited by 109 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron, calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model

Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron, calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model

Iron and zinc deficiencies in China: what is a feasible and cost-effective strategy?

An isothermal titration calorimetry study of phytate binding to lysozyme

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