Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition

Abstract

Summary Phytate formed during maturation of plant seeds and grains is a common constituent of plant‐derived fish feed. Phytate‐bound phosphorus (P) is not available to gastric or agastric fish. A major concern about the presence of phytate in the aquafeed is its negative effect on growth performance, nutrient and energy utilization, and mineral uptake. Bound phytate‐P, can be effectively converted to available‐P by phytase. During the last decade, phytase has been used by aqua feed industries to enhance the growth performance, nutrient utilization and bioavailability of macro and micro minerals in fish and also to reduce the P pollution into the aquatic environment. Phytase activity is highly dependent on the pH of the fish gut. Unlike mammals, fish are either gastric or agastric, and hence, the action of dietary phytase varies from species to species. In comparison to poultry and swine production, the use of phytase in fish feed is still in an unproven stage. This review discusses effects of phytate on fish, dephytinisation processes, phytase and pathway for phytate degradation, phytase production systems, mode of phytase application, bioefficacy of phytase, effects of phytase on growth performance, nutrient utilization and aquatic environment pollution, and optimum dosage of phytase in fish diets.

Organic phosphorus in the aquatic environment

“…one containing a large amount of grain). Similarly, seeds and grains rich in inositol phosphates are a common constituent in plant-derived fish feed used in aquaculture [81] and hence the compounds are directly added to some aquatic ecosystems.…”

Nutrientes, antinutrientes e detoxificação do farelo de crambe para uso na nutrição animal

“…Na forma in natura do farelo, a concentração encontrada foi inferior àquelas já descritas para a soja (2,2%) e girassol (4,4%) (HAN, 1988;KUMAR et al, 2012). Este antinutriente reduz a qualidade nutricional de sementes protéicas, pois se liga fortemente a minerais como cálcio e fósforo e proteínas, tornando-os pouco disponíveis para serem absorvidos.…”

POTENSI DARI KAPANG Aspergilus niger, Rhizophus oryzae DAN Neurospora sitophila SEBAGAI PENGHASIL EZIM FITASE DAN AMILASE PADA SUBSTRATE AMPAS TAHU

“…Penambahan enzim fitase untuk fortifikasi pakan ternak bertujuan untuk meningkatkan nilai cerna pakan (Selle dan Ravindran, 2007). Masalah utama yang dialami oleh peternak ayam adalah biaya produksi yang sangat tinggi yang disebabkan oleh mahalnya harga pakan (Kumar et al, 2012). Biaya produksi yang cukup tinggi ini menjadi makin mahal disebabkan oleh sebagian besar pakan yang diberikan kepada ternak belum efisien dicerna oleh ternak ayam (Dersjant-Li et al, 2015).…”

“…Limbah hasil pertanian yang digunakan sebagai pakan ternak umumnya mengandung asam fitat. Asam fitat merupakan senyawa anti-nutrien yang dapat menurunkan nilai nutrisi atau nilai gizi pada tanaman biji-bijian dan serealia bagi hewan ternak maupun manusia (Kumar et al, 2012). Asam fitat memiliki kemampuan yang kuat untuk membentuk kelat multivalen dengan mineral khususnya magnesium, timah, kalsium dan besi.…”