Physique and Body Composition in Soccer Players across Adolescence

Nikolaïdis, Pantelis Theodoros; Karydis, Nikos Vassilios

doi:10.5812/asjsm.34782

Cited by 75 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In contrast, our findings confirmed that Fox-HR max overestimates HR max in adolescents. [15] The basic characteristics of the participants were similar to those reported recently, [27] and the differences in weight, height, BMI, and endurance between adolescent and adult players were in line with previous research. [27,28] Comparison between age groups with regard to their mean HR max revealed lower values in the older group (~5 bpm), a finding which is in accordance with the negative correlation between HR max and age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…[15] The basic characteristics of the participants were similar to those reported recently, [27] and the differences in weight, height, BMI, and endurance between adolescent and adult players were in line with previous research. [27,28] Comparison between age groups with regard to their mean HR max revealed lower values in the older group (~5 bpm), a finding which is in accordance with the negative correlation between HR max and age. Compared with adult players (17.8 years), this relationship had a lower magnitude in adolescent players, which is attributed to the shorter span of chronological age in this group (6.7 years).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Maximal heart rate in soccer players: Measured versus age-predicted

Nikolaidis¹

2015

Biomed J

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Soccer training is based on the optimal prescription of exercise mode, duration, and intensity. A daily task of coaches and fitness trainers is to plan an exercise program of adequate intensity. On the other hand, special care is given to see that the exercise intensity does not increase the likelihood of overtraining. When working with soccer players, coaches and fitness trainers often establish training heart rate (HR) intensities for aerobic exercise based on maximal HR (HR max ), for example, Karvonen method. [1] HR max is measured as the maximal value recorded at the end of graded exercise test (GXT) either in a laboratory or in the field. However, occasionally it is not desirable to perform a GXT (e.g. to avoid the fatigue induced by maximal testing during the competitive period).When it is not possible to measure HR max , its prediction from an age-based equation is an alternative, which is widely Original ArticleBackground: Although maximal heart rate (HR max ) is widely used to assess exercise intensity in sport training, and particularly in soccer, there are limited data with regards to the use of age-based prediction equations of HR max in soccer players. The aim of this study was to compare the measured-HR max with two prediction equations (Fox-HR max = 220 − age and Tanaka-HR max = 208 − 0.7 × age) in soccer players. Methods:Adolescent (n = 162, 15.8 ± 1.5 years) and adult players (n = 158, 23.4 ± 4.6 years), all members of competitive clubs, voluntarily performed a graded exercise field test (Conconi protocol) to assess HR max . Results:The measured-HR max (197.6 ± 9.4 bpm in total, 200.2 ± 7.9 bpm in adolescent players, and 195.0 ± 10.0 bpm in adult players) was explained by the formula HR max = 212.3 − 0.75 × age (r = −0.41, standard error of the estimate = 8.6). In the total sample, Fox-HR max overestimated measured-HR max [mean difference (95% confidence intervals) = 2.8 bpm (1.6; 3.9)], while Tanaka Conclusions:The results of this study failed to validate two widely used prediction equations in a large sample of soccer players, indicating the need for a sport-specific equation. On the other hand, the new equation that we presented should be investigated further by future studies before being adopted by coaches and fitness trainers. (Biomed J 2015;38:84-89)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Maximal heart rate in soccer players: Measured versus age-predicted

Nikolaidis¹

2015

Biomed J

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“…In sports like soccer, a gravitational sport (Ackland et al, 2012), it is well known that excessive fat mass compromises the physical performance, while increased lean body mass is important to improve strength and power, which are relevant to soccer performance (Nikolaidis & Vassilios-Karydis, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Agreement between Body-Composition Methods in Young Soccer Players Stratified by Zinc Plasma Levels

Oliveira-Junior¹,

Casimiro-Lopes²,

Donangelo³

et al. 2016

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY:It is feasible to think that the body composition assessment may be influenced by maturational and zinc status, especially in young athletes, which perform regularly high volume of physical training. In accordance, it seems important to clarify the impact of these factors in body composition assessment in athletes, since errors may lead to mistakes in training prescription and diet elaboration, and therefore affect the athletic performance. The objective was to compare (1) different methods of body composition evaluation in young soccer players stratified by zinc plasma levels; and (2) the two reference methods using skinfolds thickness in children (Slaughter's and Lohman's equations), considering the maturation level. In this cross-sectional study, fifty tree young soccer players (13.3±0.7 y) were submitted to blood collection, electric bioimpedance (BIA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometric measures (body mass, stature and skinfolds thickness (ST)) and hand-wrist X-ray. Body composition evaluation was performed by: DXA, ST (Lohman and Slaughter equations) and BIA (Houtkooper equation) methods. Zinc status provided two groups: Normozincemic and Hypozincemic athletes, determined by cut-off point of 11.0 µmol/L. Significant difference on descriptive data for all participants after zinc status stratification was observed only for plasma zinc concentration; (2) Significant correlations were observed between the assessment methods (fat percentage: r= 0.34 to 0.98 and p<0.001 to 0.013; fat free mass: r= 0.95 to 0.9998 and p<0.001), and lowers correlations were observed when electric impedance was involved; and (3) Bland-Altman plots across methods showed a closer agreement when DXA and ST were compared. In conclusion (1) The ST method was better than BIA to assess the body composition (in young soccer players) when DXA scans are not available; (2) The comparison of models based on ST showed that the best association with the values from DXA were obtained for the Slaughter equation, followed by the Lohman equation using bone age instead of chronological age; and (3) Plasma zinc levels seem not to influence the body composition assessment, which certainly warrants further studies.

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“…We have recently investigated the development of anthropometric characteristics, body composition, physique [3], flexibility [4], isometric muscle strength [5], muscle endurance [6], force-velocity characteristics [7], performance in Wingate anaerobic test [8] and aerobic power in young soccer players [9]. The main findings of these studies revealed (a) significant differences between adolescent and adult players, (b) differences between the players in the lower spectrum and those in the higher spectrum of adolescence, and (c) better scores in soccer players than in general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related Differences in Countermovement Vertical Jump in Soccer Players 8-31 Years Old: the Role of Fat-free Mass

Nikolaïdis¹

2014

AJSSM

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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age on leg muscle power in male soccer players and to provide reference data. Male soccer players, all members of competitive soccer clubs and classified into six age groups (younger than 10 yr, U10, n = 17; U12, n = 27; U14, n = 70; U16, n = 92; U18, n = 33; older than 18 yr, Adults, n=36), participated in our study. They were examined for anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and performed the arm-swing countermovement vertical jump (CVJ) as a measure of leg muscle power. A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between age groups with respect to CVJ (F 5,269 = 76.46, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.59). Our findings indicated that the older the age group, the higher the CVJ (e.g., 19.8±3.9 cm in U10, 30.0±5.9 cm in U14 and 41.8±6.0 cm in adult group). This result was in agreement with the significant and large correlation coefficient between age and CVJ (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Although the cross-sectional design of our study did not allow inferring causal relationship between age and CVJ, it is reasonable to support that there are large gains in leg muscle power with development in soccer players. These gains are accompanied by large increase of FFM during the same period. The findings of this study could be useful for coaches and trainers in the context of talent identification and training optimization.

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Physique and Body Composition in Soccer Players across Adolescence

Cited by 75 publications

References 20 publications

Maximal heart rate in soccer players: Measured versus age-predicted

Maximal heart rate in soccer players: Measured versus age-predicted

Methodological Agreement between Body-Composition Methods in Young Soccer Players Stratified by Zinc Plasma Levels

Age-related Differences in Countermovement Vertical Jump in Soccer Players 8-31 Years Old: the Role of Fat-free Mass

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