Physiology of the Adrenal Cortex

Noble, R. L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395714-6.50020-4

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 934 publications

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“…When an animal is exposed to a variety of noxious, or potentially noxious stimuli, there is a n increase in the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and, consequently, a rise in circulating cortisol or corticosterone (Nobile 1950(Nobile , 1955. Thus, if stress in reindeer is reflected in elevated cortisol levels like it is in sheep (Pinaretto and Vickery 1972), cattle (Johnston and Buckland 1976) and moose (Frantzman et al 1975), the lack of a significant increase in circulating cortisol in Spitzbergen reindeer during winter may indicate that these animals are not under severe thermal or nutritional stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spitzbergen reindeer‐a winter‐dormant ungulate?

Ringberg

1979

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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Seasonal changes in serum levels of growth hormone, cortisol and thyroxine in calves and adult Spitzbergen reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrynchus) were measured and compared to those previously found in Norwegian reindeer (R.t. tarandus). Cortisol did not differ significantly between summer and winter, or between the subspecies. Growth hormone and thyroxine exhibited highly significant seasonal changes and subspecific differences: winter levels of growth hormone were much higher than summer levels in the Spitzbergen reindeer, while Norwegian reindeer differed very little from season to season. Both Spitzbergen and Norwegian reindeer had markedly reduced thyroxine levels during winter, but the values from the former were much lower than those from the latter. In summer, however, the levels were equal. The high levels of growth hormone and low levels of thyroxine in the Spitzbergen reindeer during winter are indicative of high lipolytic activity and a reduced metabolic rate, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spitzbergen reindeer‐a winter‐dormant ungulate?

Ringberg

1979

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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“…They have in common either a hydroxyl group or ketonic oxygen at the carbon-11 position, and those with the most pronounced effects on carbohydrate metabolism, hydrocortisone and cortisone, have a hydroxyl group on the C-17 of the steroid nucleus. Corticosterone has a weaker action on carbohydrate metabolism than hydrocortisone or cortisone (Dorfman, 1949 Kass et al, 1955;Noble, 1955) , but it has appreciably more effect on salt-electrolyte metabolism than either of the others (Noble, 1955;Jones, 1957) . Because of these facts, the relatively small amounts of hydrocortisone which are normally secreted by the adrenals of mice and rats, along with corticosterone, have been held responsible for most of the carbohydrate-active corticoid activity, such as involution of the thymus, which has been observed in these animals (Wilson etal., 1958).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These corticoids have suppressive effects to varying degrees on inflammation and therefore are classified also as anti-inflammatory (antiphlogistic) hormones (Selye, 1950;Dougherty 1953) . As a class they have profound effects on protein metabolism, fat metabolism, growth, oxygen consumption, and a number of other physiological functions (Noble, 1955;Jones, 1957). Hydrocortisone and cortisone are the most powerful of the fascicular carbohydrate-active corticoids and corticosterone the least powerful with respect to the enumerated activities (cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Mammalogy

1963

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The first volume consists of two comprehensive articles dealing with the physiology of populations. Calhoun's "The Social Use of Space" presents many interesting new ideas on the behavior of animals in populations and the effects of grouping of individuals upon the physiology of the organism. Where many workers have thought of the experimental animal only as an individual apparently divorced from his environment and other members of the species, Calhoun points out the fallacy of this view in providing experimental data that demonstrate the effects of numbers of individuals on the behavior of each individual. Christian's article on population growth treats the problem largely from an ecological viewpoint in dealing with limiting factors of natural populations and population interrelationships. Volume II will consist of three contributions dealing with natural populations and their adaptations to stressful environments. Dr. Charles Kayser treats the mammalian phenomenon of hibernation as a mechanism for avoiding periods of unfavorable environment, and Dr. Robert Chew deals with water balance in desert rodents. Inasmuch as reproduction is considerably affected by the environment, it too can be considered a process modified by environmental stresses, and is discussed in the second volume. Subsequent volumes will include articles on such topics as temperature and metabolism, physiological genetics, photoperiod, and orientation by echolocation. The Editors will conclude the series with a summary article on the phylogeny of physiology. The Editors feel particularly fortunate in that they have received fine cooperation from outstanding authorities in the specific subject matter topics covered. It is the caliber of the individual author on which these volumes base their contribution to science; and while the Editors assume any responsibility for defects of organization or inadvertent errors, the credit for the success of the volumes, as a whole, rests on the indi^'idual contributors.

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The regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum of the mouse from birth to maturity

Moog

1966

J. Exp. Zool.

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Actinomycin D elevates the alkaline phosphatase activity of the duodenum of the mouse. The effect is relatively slight, but positive, during the first postnatal week, but thereafter becomes marked, not only in the period before the normal maximal level of phosphatase activity is reached at 20 days, but also afterwards, as the activity declines to the adult level. The effect is not manifested in mice at the age of one month, but reappears in adults. Doses of actinomycin that enhance duodenal phosphatase activity depress the activity of the same enzyme in the kidney.Puromycin also increases duodenal phosphatase activity, the effect again being quite small in the first week. At all stages from nine days to adult, however, puromycin strongly elevates activity. Cycloheximide is also effective in raising duodenal phosphatase activity in young mice.Glucocorticoids are known to control the normal developmental increase of phosphatase, but the effect of actinomycin D can be exerted in adrenalectomized mice. The effects of both actinomycin and puromycin are additive with those of hydrocortisone acetate, and both raise phosphatase activity after 15 days, when exogenous corticoids no longer exert any influence.Puromycin stops mitosis in the duodenal epithelium in doses that elevate phosphatase. Hence, some alteration of the enzyme must occur in the striated border of cells that have emerged from the crypts and are in place on the surfaces of the villi. Since the phosphatase-stimulating agents are all inhibitors of protein synthesis, the results are interpreted to mean that duodenal phosphatase normally tends to undergo an activity-enhancing conversion that is restrained by a labile protein.

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Physiology of the Adrenal Cortex

Cited by 9 publications

References 934 publications

The Spitzbergen reindeer‐a winter‐dormant ungulate?

The Spitzbergen reindeer‐a winter‐dormant ungulate?

Physiological Mammalogy

The regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum of the mouse from birth to maturity

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