Physiology of Pain

Lamont, Leigh A.; Tranquilli, William J.; Grimm, Kurt A.

doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(08)70003-2

Cited by 131 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Neuropathic pain originates within the nervous system itself and arises as a disorder of processing of nociceptive activity or as a result of abnormal activity in nociceptive pathways (Lamont et al 2000). It is known as a pathological painful condition in which nociceptive responses last beyond the resolution of damage to the nerve and the surrounding tissues.…”

Section: Classification Of Pain According To Sites Of Origin and Duramentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Landa¹

2012

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:In recent years more attention has been paid to the issue of pain in animals, particularly in association with increasing awareness of animal welfare. It is therefore necessary for veterinarians to be able recognise unambiguously whether an animal suffers from pain. Adult humans suffering from pain can more or less characterise their painful experiences, including the site and intensity of the pain. However, pain in animals is in some aspects more complex and it can be rather difficult to evaluate the seriousness and impact of painful events. Therefore, in animals we have to recognise the signs of pain according to indirect markers which involve behavioural, physiological and finally clinical responses. Moreover, in particular the behavioural changes associated with pain can be along with the general signs also species-specific, and hardly recognisable (and for an inexperienced observer seemingly unimportant) which makes pain assessment even more complicated. Therefore, the current review formulates definitions of pain, its classification and is focused on methods that may facilitate pain recognition in animals, which is crucial for an effective pain assessment and consequent effective pain management. The review combines recent knowledge with well proven facts concerning pain and furthermore also highlights the author's own research on pain assessment.

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Section: Classification Of Pain According To Sites Of Origin and Duramentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Landa¹

2012

Vet. Med.

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“…Furthermore, it was thought that, as analgesia masks disease symptoms, analgesic therapy would misdirect treatment. However, today, it is accepted that pain provides very little benefit, and in fact, causes great damage to the body [3][4][5] .…”

Section: Pain In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increase in cardiac parameters is dangerous if the cardiac reserves are low. Increased cardiac load requires a higher level of oxygen, and if the coronary arteries do not pump the required amount of blood to the heart, myocardial infarction occurs [4,[8][9][10] .…”

Section: Why Should Analgesics Be Used?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasıl Daha İyi Anestezi Kombinasyonları Yapılabilir? Güncel Bilgilerin İncelenmesi

Pekcan¹

2016

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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In the ever-developing world, the recent years have brought about a wide range of novelties and significant developments in the fields of veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. In the not-too-distant past, it was believed that the pain threshold of animals was high and that pain was not felt by animals during surgery, when they were anaesthetised. It was considered that the only analgesic drugs that could be used during operation were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Today, these suppositions are all accepted as fallacies across the world, and it is well-known that the administration of analgesic drugs should be started in the preoperative period. This article describes pain in animals, how pain perceived by the operated animal can be recognised, and if not treated, to which complications pain may lead. Furthermore, in the last part of the manuscript, complications associated with the use of atropine and α2-agonist combinations, and the adverse effects of anaesthesia-induced hypotension are also explained. This review is intended to provide an insight into recently developed novel practices and to elucidate some main issues, which may be confusing for the veterinary practitioner. Keywords: Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Pain, Cat, Dog Nasıl Daha İyi Anestezi Kombinasyonları Yapılabilir? Güncel Bilgilerin İncelenmesi ÖzetGelişen dünya ile beraber son zamanlarda veteriner anestezi ve analjezi alanında da pek çok değişiklikler, yenilikler ve ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Eskiden hayvanların ağrı eşiklerinin yüksek olduğuna ve operasyon sırasında anestezi altında iken ağrının hissedilmediğine inanılırdı. Operasyon sırasında tek kullanılabilecek analjezik ilacın nonsteroidal antiinflamatuvar olabileceği düşünülüyordu. Bu inanışların yanlış olduğu artık tüm dünyada kabul edilmektedir, analjezik ilaçların uygulanmasına preoperatif dönemde başlanması gerekliliği bilinmektedir. Bu makalede, hayvanlardaki ağrı, operasyon sırasında gelişen ağrının nasıl anlaşılabileceği ve tedavi edilmediği takdirde gelişebilecek komplikasyonlar anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca, makalenin sonunda atropin ile α2-agonist kombinasyonlarının komplikasyonları ve anestezi sırasında oluşan hipotansiyonun yan etkileri üzerinde de durulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu derleme ile veteriner hekimlerin kafalarında karışıklık yaratan bazı konulara ışık tutulması, son yıllarda gelişen yeni uygulamalara ve ilaç kombinasyonlarına yer verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

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“…Neuropathic pain originates within the nervous system itself and arises as a disorder of processing of nociceptive activity or as a result of abnormal activity in nociceptive pathways (Lamont et al, 2000). Neuropathic pain is typically manifested by disproportionate hypersensitivity to stimuli (hyperalgesia), abnormal pin and needle sensations (hyperpathia) and nociceptive responses to harmless stimuli (allodynia) (Leung and Cahill, 2010).…”

Section: Neuropathic Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiologic mechanisms of pain in animals A review

Okafor¹,

Remi-Adewunmi²,

Fadason³

et al. 2014

J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health

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The sense of pain is of practical significance in human and veterinary medicine. Its management and prevention constitute integral and fundamental parts of quality and compassionate care of patients. In order to recognise, assess, prevent and treat pain, an understanding of its pathway and the pathophysiologic mechanisms is necessary. This review discusses definitions of pain, its classification, description, pathophysiologic mechanisms, neuro-transmission and evaluation of pain as well as physiological responses to pain, with special reference to domestic animals. It is concluded that adequate understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of pain and the physiologic responses of animals to pain may aid its efficient management.

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Physiology of Pain

Cited by 131 publications

References 77 publications

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Nasıl Daha İyi Anestezi Kombinasyonları Yapılabilir? Güncel Bilgilerin İncelenmesi

Pathophysiologic mechanisms of pain in animals A review

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