2006
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2005
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Physiology of Local Renin-Angiotensin Systems

Abstract: Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is characterized by an increased complexity, as evidenced by the discovery of new functional components and pathways of the RAS. In recent years, the pathophysiological implications of the system have been the main focus of attention, and inhibitors of the RAS such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin (ANG) II re… Show more

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Cited by 1,503 publications
(1,511 citation statements)
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References 787 publications
(900 reference statements)
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“…[1][2][3] By contrast, much less is known about the tissue RAS, and many questions about the angiotensin processing cascade and the role of the tissue RAS in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance remain unanswered. [4][5][6][7] Proangiotensin-12 (proang-12) is a 12-amino acid, C-terminal extended form of Ang I, which we recently isolated from rat small intestine. 8 In vitro, proang-12 constricts aortic strips and, when intravenously infused into rats, raises blood pressure.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[1][2][3] By contrast, much less is known about the tissue RAS, and many questions about the angiotensin processing cascade and the role of the tissue RAS in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance remain unanswered. [4][5][6][7] Proangiotensin-12 (proang-12) is a 12-amino acid, C-terminal extended form of Ang I, which we recently isolated from rat small intestine. 8 In vitro, proang-12 constricts aortic strips and, when intravenously infused into rats, raises blood pressure.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite this trend, elevations in tissue RAAS persist, indicating its critical importance in cardiovascular disease states. Components of the RAAS at a tissue level act in a paracrine or autocrine manner to produce many tissue‐specific effects, including increased vascular tone and cardiac remodelling and fibrosis (Paul et al ., 2006). Indeed, amelioration of chronic tissue RAAS activation is probably more important in the long‐term benefits of neurohormonal blockade than the haemodynamic effects of systemic RAAS blockade (Dzau and Hirsch, 1990).…”
Section: Evidence‐based Pharmacological Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1, 8 The RAS was originally regarded as a circulating system; however, the existence of 'local' or 'tissue' RAS has been identified in most organs. 9 ACE is indeed also present in other vascular tissues and organs, including the heart, brain and kidney. Therefore, Ang II can be formed locally in different vascular beds and can exert biological effects independent of blood-borne Ang II.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%