Physiology of Injury Caused by Lygus hesperus1

Strong, Frank E.

doi:10.1093/jee/63.3.808

Cited by 117 publications

(92 citation statements)

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“…A recent paper clearly shows that micro-injections of partially purified PGs from a Nearctic Lygus sp. result in plant injuries similar to those caused by Lygus feeding (Shackel et al, 2005), confirming the hypothesis that mirid PGs cause the development of much larger lesions than result from simple mechanical damage or feeding by other sap-sucking insects (Strong, 1970;Wheeler, 2001). This is the main reason for the economic importance of Miridae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…lineolatus (D'Ovidio et al, 2004) (L.) and C. norwegicus. Endo-PGs (and occasionally exoPGs), secreted by the salivary glands, appear to be common in the Miridae, the largest heteropteran family, in terms of number of species (Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Miles, 1972;Laurema et al, 1985;Martin et al, 1988;Agblor et al, 1994;Cohen & Wheeler, 1998;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005;reviewed by Wheeler, 2001). Mirid saliva also contains amylases and proteases and some minor enzymes; however PGs are closely associated with the lacerate-and-flush feeding strategy typical of mirids and appear to be the major cause of damage to plants (reviewed by Wheeler, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These enzymes are associated with feeding in both piercing-sucking (Adams & McAllan, 1956;Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Miles, 1972;Laurema et al, 1985;Ma et al, 1990;Agblor et al, 1994;Cohen & Wheeler, 1998;Miles, 1999;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Cherqui & Tjallingii, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;Shen et al, 2003;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005) and chewing species (Shen et al, 1996;Doostdar et al, 1997;Girard & Jouanin, 1999;Shen et al, 2003), and appear to play an important role in insect-plant interactions. PGs are present in species belonging to different insect taxa, but especially common in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) (Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Laurema et al, 1985;Agblor et al, 1994;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005;reviewed by Wheeler, 2001). In nematodes, an exo-PG was cloned from the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) (Jaubert et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Frati¹,

Galletti²,

Lorenzo³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) are hydrolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin, one of the major components of plant cell wall. While PGs from fungi, bacteria and plants have been extensively studied, PGs from insects are much less known, although they are likely to play an important role in insect-plant interactions. Presence of PGs has been reported for both piercing-sucking and chewing insect species, and possibly more commonly in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae). A screening of some common mirid species and other insects, belonging to different orders and families, was conducted using agarose diffusion assays run at different pHs. All the mirid species tested [Lygus rugulipennis Popp., L. pratensis (L.), Orthops kalmi (L.), Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) and Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin)] showed PG activity, mainly at pH 7-8, whereas no activity was recorded for the other insect species, except Sitophilus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PG activity in females of L. pratensis was significantly higher than in males, whereas there were no differences between the sexes in the other species. In all these species, PGs were present both in the salivary glands and the gut, with a higher activity in the salivary glands, confirming the role of these enzymes in the feeding behaviour of mirid bugs. Inhibition of mirid PGs by polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) from different plant sources was analysed at pH 7. PGIPs are extracellular plant proteins known for their ability to inhibit fungal PGs and restrict fungal colonization. Two PGIPs from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP3 and PvPGIP4) inhibited PGs of all the mirid bugs tested. This information may be helpful for the development of innovative insect-resistant plant varieties, for use in low-impact IPM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Frati¹,

Galletti²,

Lorenzo³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…This mirid feeds primarily on reproductive plant parts and during the growing season follows a succession of flowering plants, both wild and cultivated (Wheeler, 2000). WTPB is polyphagous, known to feed from 150 host plants (Wheeler, 2000) and the plant damage symptoms observed upon WTPB feeding include organ abscission, deformation of developing fruits, necrosis at the feeding site, seeds with aborted embryos, and reduced vegetative growth (Strong, 1970). Phytophagous mirids are cell rupture feeders, and feeding behavioral studies carried out specifically on third instar WTPB nymphs conclude that this insect species feeds by rupturing plant cells using a mixture of laceration and maceration tactics (Backus et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of endo‐ and exo‐polygalacturonase activity in Lygus hesperus (Knight) salivary glands

Celorio‐Mancera

Greve

Teuber

et al. 2008

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Polygalacturonase (PG) activity found in the salivary gland apparatus of the western tarnished plant bug (WTPB, Lygus hesperus Knight) has been thought to be the main chemical cause of the damage inflicted by this mirid when feeding on its plant hosts. Early viscosity and thermal stability studies of the PG activity in L. hesperus protein extracts were difficult to interpret. Thus, it has been suggested that one or more PG protein(s) with different hydrolytic modes of action are produced by this mirid. In order to understand the quantitative complexity of the WTPB salivary PG activity, PG purification from a protein extract from salivary glands excised from L. hesperus insects was performed using affinity and ion exchange chromatography. To elucidate the qualitative complexity of the purified PGs, the digestion products generated by the PGs were separated using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. At least five PG proteins were detected; these differing in terms of their glycosylation, mass-to-charge ratios, and/or molecular mass. The characterization of the products generated by these PGs showed that endo- and exo-acting PGs are produced by WTPB. Although none of the PGs was purified to homogeneity, the present work provides biochemical evidence of a multiplicity of PGs that degrade the pectin component of the plant tissue in different fashions. The implications of these findings affect the understanding of WTPB feeding damage and, potentially, help identify ways to control this important crop pest. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…Lygus spp. damage the plants either by feeding, through the injection of saliva, which is rich in degrading enzymes such as polygalacturonase (Strong, 1970;Varis, 1972;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Frati et al, 2006), or by oviposition, as females have a robust ovipositor, which they use to lacerate host plant to lay the eggs within plant tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of different diets and oviposition substrates on Lygus rugulipennis biology (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Salerno¹,

Frati²,

Conti³

et al. 2007

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Physiology of Injury Caused by Lygus hesperus1

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Identification of endo‐ and exo‐polygalacturonase activity in Lygus hesperus (Knight) salivary glands

Influence of different diets and oviposition substrates on Lygus rugulipennis biology (Heteroptera: Miridae)

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