Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis

Abstract

Total body potassium content and proper distribution of potassium across the cell membrane is of critical importance for normal cellular function. Potassium homeostasis is maintained by several different methods. In the kidney, total body potassium content is achieved by alterations in renal excretion of potassium in response to variations in intake. Insulin and beta-adrenergic tone play critical roles in maintaining the internal distribution of potassium under normal conditions. Despite homeostatic pathways designed to maintain potassium levels within the normal range, disorders of altered potassium homeostasis are common. The clinical approach to designing effective treatments relies on understanding the pathophysiology and regulatory influences which govern the internal distribution and external balance of potassium. Here we provide an overview of the key regulatory aspects of normal potassium physiology. This review is designed to provide an overview of potassium homeostasis as well as provide references of seminal papers to guide the reader into a more in depth discussion of the importance of potassium balance. This review is designed to be a resource for educators and well-informed clinicians who are teaching trainees about the importance of potassium balance.

Anesthetic management of a patient with sodium-channel myotonia: a case report

“…An increase of serum potassium was noted during anesthesia, which might result from the potassiumcontaining solution and its redistribution [9]. It was rapidly decreased after switching it to a potassium-free solution.…”

Na+/K+-ATPase activity is largely unrelated to proliferation of P19 embryonic stem cells

“…Unlike over a short period, over a prolonged period excessive (or reduced) intake of potassium can cause excitable cells to be (or not to be) sensitive to excitation. Factors that modulate the equilibrium of potassium ions from outside the cell to inside are insulin, β adrenergic transmission, and the state of acid-base equilibrium [1,30]. Therefore, intracellular potassium concentrations tend to decrease in insulindeficient type I diabetes and, conversely, insulin replacement therapy can raise intracellular potassium concentrations.…”

Food Sources of Potassium in the Average Polish Diet

“…Potassium is a nutrient that influences many processes in the human body by performing various biological functions [1][2][3][4][5][6]. It is a cofactor involved in protein synthesis [1,6,7], activation of enzymes, participation in water balance and thus affecting osmosis [6].…”