Physiology and Growth of Wheat Across a Subambient Carbon Dioxide Gradient

Polley, H. Wayne; Johnson, Hyrum B.; Mayeux, Herman S.; Malone, Stephen R.

doi:10.1006/anbo.1993.1044

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This represented a proportionally large shift in developmental timing considering that this species only has a 40–60 d life cycle. Unlike this finding, Polley et al. (1993b) did not find modifications in developmental timing in two cultivars of wheat grown from 200 to 350 ppm CO 2 .…”

Section: Low‐[co2] Effects On the Individual Plantcontrasting

confidence: 81%

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Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

2010

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SummaryDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18 000-20 000 yr ago) and previous glacial periods, atmospheric [CO 2 ] dropped to 180-190 ppm, which is among the lowest concentrations that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Modern atmospheric CO 2 concentrations ([CO 2 ]) are more than twice those of the LGM and 45% higher than pre-industrial concentrations. Since CO 2 is the carbon source for photosynthesis, lower carbon availability during glacial periods likely had a major impact on plant productivity and evolution. From the studies highlighted here, it is clear that the influence of low [CO 2 ] transcends several scales, ranging from physiological effects on individual plants to changes in ecosystem functioning, and may have even influenced the development of early human cultures (via the timing of agriculture). Through low-[CO 2 ] studies, we have determined a baseline for plant response to minimal [CO 2 ] that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Moreover, an increased understanding of plant responses to low [CO 2 ] contributes to our knowledge of how natural global change factors in the past may continue to influence plant responses to future anthropogenic changes. Future work, however, should focus more on the evolutionary responses of plants to changing [CO 2 ] in order to account for the potentially large effects of genetic change.

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Section: Low‐[co2] Effects On the Individual Plantcontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…, 1995; but also see Gesch et al. , 2000 for an example of partial recovery), higher g (Polley et al. , 1993b; Ward et al.…”

Section: Low‐[co2] Effects On the Individual Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

2010

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“…Furthermore, in the present study, the C 3 species showed signs of carbon limitations with higher allocation of biomass to shoots versus roots (that enhances total carbon assimilation) and lower photosynthetic rates relative to the C 4 species. Taken together, these results, along with those of other studies (Polley et al 1993a,b; Dippery et al 1995; Sage 1995; Ward and Strain 1997; Ward et al 1999; Ward et al 2005; Sage and Kubien 2007), point to the dominant effect of low [CO 2 ] in producing a growth advantage of C 4 over C 3 species during the last ice age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Studying plant responses to global changes of the past provides valuable insights for predicting future responses to a rapidly changing environment (Ward et al 2005; Edwards et al 2007; Jackson 2007). In addition, studies involving treatments that simulate past climates provide a baseline for understanding the physiological functioning of plants prior to anthropogenic influences (Polley et al 1993a,b; Anderson et al 2001; Sage and Coleman 2001; Polley et al 2002; Ward 2005). Atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) reached minimum values of 180 μmol/mol during the last ice age, rose to 270 μmol/mol during the recent interglacial period (and just prior to the onset of the Industrial Revolution), and increased to 380 μmol/mol in the modern atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel combustion and deforestation (EPICA 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Physiological and Growth Responses of C₃ and C₄ Plants to Reduced Temperature When Grown at Low CO₂ of the Last Ice Age

Ward

Myers

Thomas

2008

JIPB

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exhibited a large growth advantage over the C 3 species at low [CO 2 ]. However, this advantage was reduced at low temperature, where the C 4 species produced 5× the total mass of the C 3 species versus 14× at the high temperature. This difference was due to a reduction in C 4 growth at low temperature, since the C 3 species exhibited similar growth between temperatures. Physiological differences between temperatures were not detected for either species, although photorespiration/net photosynthesis was reduced in the C 3 species grown at low temperature, suggesting evidence of improved carbon balance at this treatment. This system suggests that C 4 species had a growth advantage over C 3 species during low [ Studying plant responses to global changes of the past provides valuable insights for predicting future responses to a rapidly changing environment (Ward et al. 2005; Edwards et al. 2007; Jackson 2007). In addition, studies involving treatments that simulate past climates provide a baseline for understanding the physiological functioning of plants prior to anthropogenic influences (Polley et al. 1993a,b; Anderson et al. 2001 In addition to physiological models, empirical studies examining the growth and development of C 3 and C 4 species at reduced temperatures and low [CO 2 ] are also needed to better Table 1. The effects of modern and glacial temperatures on total mass (n = 13-14), leaf area (LA, n = 13-14), stomatal conductance (g s , n = 9-12), and specific leaf mass (SLM, n = 13-14) for Abutilon theophrasti (C 3 ) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C 4 ) grown at low CO 2 (200 μmol/mol) for 22 d Values are means ± 1 SE. Data from different chambers within the same treatment were combined because a chamber effect was not detected.Different superscript letters between temperatures and species indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level according to ANOVA. ResultsOn an absolute basis, the C 3 (Abutilon) and C 4 species (Amaranthus) exhibited large differences in total mass when grown at low [CO 2 ] (200 μmol/mol) for 22 d. More specifically, the C 4 species had five times the total mass of the C 3 species when grown at the low temperature (22 light/16 dark • C), and almost 14 times the total mass of the C 3 species when grown at the high temperature (30/24 • C; Table 1). In this case, all plants were grown from seed for a total of 22 d, and therefore differences in final biomass mainly reflect differences in relative growth rate (change in biomass per unit biomass per unit time; hereafter RGR). Therefore, the RGR of the C 4 species greatly exceeded that of the C 3 species at low [CO 2 ]. In addition, Amaranthus has inherently small seeds compared with Abutilon, and therefore initial seed size would not have been a factor in producing a relative growth advantage of the C 4 species over the C 3 species when grown at low [CO 2 ]. Furthermore, the C 3 and C 4 species exhibited relative differences in their responses to temperature for total mass and LA (leaf area) (significant species X temperature inte...

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“…These [CO 2 ] gradient studies have allowed for the discovery of linear responses, such as that on photosynthesis (e.g. Polley et al 1992Polley et al , 1993bAnderson et al 2001), as well as non-linear or threshold responses, such as on stomatal conductance or soil nitrogen mineralisation rates (e.g. Anderson et al 2001;Gill et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas exchange and photosynthetic performance of the tropical tree Acacia nigrescens when grown in different CO2 concentrations

Possell

Hewitt

2009

Planta

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The photosynthetic responses of the tropical tree species Acacia nigrescens Oliv. grown at different atmospheric CO(2) concentrations-from sub-ambient to super-ambient-have been studied. Light-saturated rates of net photosynthesis (A (sat)) in A. nigrescens, measured after 120 days exposure, increased significantly from sub-ambient (196 microL L(-1)) to current ambient (386 microL L(-1)) CO(2) growth conditions but did not increase any further as [CO(2)] became super-ambient (597 microL L(-1)). Examination of photosynthetic CO(2) response curves, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness showed that this acclimation was most likely caused by reduction in Rubisco activity and a shift towards ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration-limited photosynthesis, but not a consequence of changes in mesophyll conductance. Also, measurements of the maximum efficiency of PSII and the carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio of leaves indicated that it was unlikely that the pattern of A (sat) seen was a consequence of growth [CO(2)] induced stress. Many of the photosynthetic responses examined were not linear with respect to the concentration of CO(2) but could be explained by current models of photosynthesis.

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Physiology and Growth of Wheat Across a Subambient Carbon Dioxide Gradient

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

Physiological and Growth Responses of C₃ and C₄ Plants to Reduced Temperature When Grown at Low CO₂ of the Last Ice Age

Gas exchange and photosynthetic performance of the tropical tree Acacia nigrescens when grown in different CO2 concentrations

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Physiology and Growth of Wheat Across a Subambient Carbon Dioxide Gradient

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Plant responses to low [CO2] of the past

Plant responses to low [CO2] of the past

Physiological and Growth Responses of C3 and C4 Plants to Reduced Temperature When Grown at Low CO2 of the Last Ice Age

Gas exchange and photosynthetic performance of the tropical tree Acacia nigrescens when grown in different CO2 concentrations

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Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

Plant responses to low [CO₂] of the past

Physiological and Growth Responses of C₃ and C₄ Plants to Reduced Temperature When Grown at Low CO₂ of the Last Ice Age