“…This is already evident for biomarkers like CPI, NMN, and PDA and no doubt that future efforts will encompass others like TAU, GCDCA-S, and IBC. 5,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] Further progress will require the refinement of PBPK model compound files for each biomarker, which will necessitate the acquisition of basic information (e.g., BPR, renal FR, synthesis rate, turnover, and ft). In this regard, it is important to understand that SLC biomarker PKs and response to perpetrator drugs may be impacted by disease, organ impairment, (epi)genetics, gender, pregnancy, age, smoking, food intake, exercise, diurnal effects, and any myriad of other factors that might modulate their formation and clearance.…”