Physiological role of galanin in the regulation of anterior pituitary function in humans

Giustina, Andrea; Licini, Massimo; Schettino, Maurizio; Doga, Mauro; Pizzocolo, G; Negro‐Vilar, A.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.1.e57

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The evidence that GAL exerts a role in modulating the pituitary function has been obtained when two G-protein-coupled receptors Gal-R2 and Gal-R3 have been observed in pituitary tissue [48, 49, 50]. Furthermore, a direct effect of GAL on GH secretion in calf [33], rat [51]and humans [52]has been reported. Even if the mechanism of action has not been elucidated yet, it has been suggested that GAL may act together with GHRH, since the GAL gene is coexpressed with the GHRH gene [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Interleukin-1-Beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Alone or in Association with Hexarelin or Galanin, on Growth Hormone Gene Expression and Growth Hormone Release from Pig Pituitary Cells

Mainardi¹,

Saleri²,

Tamanini³

et al. 2002

Horm Res Paediatr

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Objective: We studied the effects of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α on GH gene expression and secretion with or without galanin and hexarelin. Methods: Pituitary cells from adult pigs were treated with IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml), alone or in association with galanin or hexarelin (10^–8M): GH mRNA was measured by RT-PCR and GH secretion by ELISA. Results: IL-1β (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) and IL-6 (1 and 10 ng/ml) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced GH output. IL-1β and TNF-α (1 and 10 ng/ml) reduced (p < 0.05) the galanin-induced GH secretion and IL-6 (10 ng/ml) potentiated the effect of both GH releasers (p < 0.05). GH gene expression was increased only by IL-6 at the concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/ml, either alone or in association with both galanin and hexarelin. Conclusions: We hypothesize that cytokines may play a paracrine/autocrine role in GH regulation in the pituitary independently from the intracellular pathways of the GH secretagogues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Interleukin-1-Beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Alone or in Association with Hexarelin or Galanin, on Growth Hormone Gene Expression and Growth Hormone Release from Pig Pituitary Cells

Mainardi¹,

Saleri²,

Tamanini³

et al. 2002

Horm Res Paediatr

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“…Accordingly, galanin intravenous (i.v.) administration was found to slightly lower basal ACTH plasma concentration in healthy human volunteers and to blunt ACTH response to CRH (111). However, in the rat the acute subcutaneous (s.c.) galanin injection was shown to evoke a significant rise in the blood level of ACTH (107,112), although the prolonged galanin administration (for up to 4 days) is ineffective (112).…”

Section: Effects Of Galanin On the Hpa Axismentioning

confidence: 91%

Galanin in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Review)

Tortorella

Neri²,

Nussdorfer³

2007

Int J Mol Med

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Abstract. Galanin is a regulatory 30-or 29-amino acid peptide, widely distributed in the nervous system and gut, that acts via three subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, named GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3. Findings have been accumulated that galanin regulates neuroendocrine hypothalamic axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) one. Galanin and its receptors are expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, anterior pituitary and adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortex does not express galanin, but is provided with GAL-R1 and GAL-R2. The bulk of evidence indicates that galanin stimulates the activity of the central branch of the HPA axis (i.e. the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH), thereby enhancing glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex. Investigations carried out in the rat show that galanin is also able to directly stimulate corticosterone (glucocorticoid) secretion from adrenocortical cells, through GAL-R1 and GAL-R2 coupled to the adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A signaling cascade, and nor-epinephrine release from adrenal medulla. There is indication that galanin may also enhance corticosterone release via an indirect paracrine mechanism involving the local release of catecholamines, which in turn activate ß-adrenoceptors located on adrenocortical cells. The physiological relevance in the rat of the glucocorticoid secretagogue action of galanin is suggested by the demonstration that the blockade of galanin system significantly lowers basal corticosterone secretion. There is also evidence that galanin plays a role in the modulation of HPA-axis response to stress, as well as in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and perhaps of pheochromocytomas.

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“…To summarize, galanin is colocalized with CRH in the paraventricular-nucleus neurons, and with ACTH in pituitary corticotrophs (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Galanin administration slightly lowers basal ACTH plasma concentration and blunts ACTH response to CRH in healthy human volunteers (8) and inhibits ACTH release in vitro from rat corticotrophs (6), but enhances ACTH and glucocorticoid blood levels in both normal and ether-stressed rats (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Galanin enhances corticosterone secretion from dispersed rat adrenocortical cells through the activation of GAL-R1 and GAL-R2 receptors coupled to the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade

Andreis

Malendowicz²,

Rebuffat³

et al. 2007

Int J Mol Med

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Abstract. Galanin is a regulatory peptide, which acts via three subtypes of receptors, named GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the expression of GAL-R1 and GAL-R2, but not GAL-R3 mRNAs in dispersed rat adrenal zona fasciculatareticularis (inner) cells. The immuno-blockade of GAL-R1 and GAL-R2, but not GAL-R3, decreased the binding of [ 3 H]galanin to dispersed cells, a complete inhibition being obtained only by the simultaneous blockade of both receptor subtypes. Galanin stimulated corticosterone and cyclic-AMP release from dispersed inner rat adrenocortical cells, while inositol triphosphate production was not affected. Again these responses to galanin were reversed by both the GAL-R1 and GAL-R2, but not the GAL-R3 immuno-blockade. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536 and the protein kinase (PK) A inhibitor H-89 abolished the corticosterone response of dispersed cells to galanin, while the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 and the PKC inhibitor calphostin-C were ineffective. We conclude that rat inner adrenocortical cells express GAL-R1 and GAL-R2 as mRNA and protein, and galanin stimulates corticosterone secretion acting via these receptor subtypes which are both coupled to the adenylate cyclase/PKA-dependent signaling pathway.

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Physiological role of galanin in the regulation of anterior pituitary function in humans

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of Interleukin-1-Beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Alone or in Association with Hexarelin or Galanin, on Growth Hormone Gene Expression and Growth Hormone Release from Pig Pituitary Cells

Effects of Interleukin-1-Beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Alone or in Association with Hexarelin or Galanin, on Growth Hormone Gene Expression and Growth Hormone Release from Pig Pituitary Cells

Galanin in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Review)

Galanin enhances corticosterone secretion from dispersed rat adrenocortical cells through the activation of GAL-R1 and GAL-R2 receptors coupled to the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade

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