Physiological Responses to Cold Water Immersion Following Cycling in the Heat

Halson, Shona L.; Quod, Marc; Martin, David T.; Gardner, Andrew S.; Ebert, Tammie R.; Laursen, Paul B.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.3.3.331

Cited by 90 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The significant faster cooling rate following CWI was observed in the first 6 minutes (Lee et al, 2012) and last for mostly 40 minutes (Halson et al, 2008). Gradual decreases in core temperature and significant difference between post-CWI 35 and 40 minutes were found comparing with passive recovery (Peiffer et al, 2009).…”

Section: Endurance Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 69%

“…CWI recovery intervention is believed to have positive effect particularly on endurance performance recovery, which may be related to successful reduction on core temperature (Crowe et al, 2007;Halson et al, 2008;Vaile et al, 2008;Peiffer et al, 2009;Peiffer et al, 2010;Vaile et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2012) with enhanced cooling rate during the immersion (Lee et al, 2012;Pointon et al, 2012). The significant faster cooling rate following CWI was observed in the first 6 minutes (Lee et al, 2012) and last for mostly 40 minutes (Halson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Endurance Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Removal of blood lactate is important for anaerobic power recovery, however, many studies in CWI did not show its effect on removal of blood lactate (Halson et al, 2008;Rowsell et al, 2009;Parouty et al, 2010;Brophy-Williams et al, 2011;Pointon et al, 2012), and was even significantly less effective than active recovery (Vaile et al, 2008). Leeder et al (2013) completed a meta-analysis on CWI recovery after strenuous exercise.…”

Section: Query Of Using Cwi On Power Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CWI is also a recovery technique that has been used in numerous sports disciplines, such as Australian Rules football (Elias et al, 2012;Elias et al, 2013), swimming (Parouty et al, 2010), cycling (Halson et al, 2008;Vaile et al, 2008;Peiffer et al, 2009;Peiffer et al, 2010;Vaile et al, 2011), soccer (Rowsell et al, 2009;Ascensao et al, 2011;Rowsell et al, 2011) and rugby (Higgins et al, 2011;Pointon et al, 2012). Paula Radcliffe, the British runner shared her dramatic experience on reduction of inflammation after using CWI (Mailonline, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Sports Performance Recovery: A Review

Chow

Fong

Chung

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Research

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Post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) has recently been developed and applied in professional sports. CWI has become widely accepted for use in sports and is endorsed by various organisations, such as theKeywords: Cold water immersion, Recovery, Sports performance, Post-exercise, Ice-bath, Jaded Score. 2015 Vol.2, No.2, pp. 37-51 ISSN(e): 2410-6534 ISSN(p): 2413-8436 DOI: 10.18488/journal.90/2015.2.2/90.2.37.51 © 2015 Journal of Sports Research Contribution/ OriginalityThe paper contributes the first logical analysis on assessing the quality of the studies related to post exercise cold water immersion recovery by the Jadad score analysis, which is assessed by three criteria: A) description of randomization, B) blinding, and C) withdrawals with dropout rates. This study also tried to provide the unbiased and exact findings through systematic reviews.

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Section: Endurance Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Endurance Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Query Of Using Cwi On Power Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Sports Performance Recovery: A Review

Chow

Fong

Chung

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Research

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“…To date, numerous passive and active recovery methods have been trialed, such as carbohydrate replenishment, stretching and massage, with water immersion representing a popular application (Cochrane, 2004;Halson et al, 2008). Of relevance, a recent study by Ingram et al (2009) reported that cold water immersion (CWI), as opposed to contrast (hot and cold) water therapy and a control condition, resulted in a more rapid return to baseline exercise (running) performance in male athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of immediate and delayed cold water immersion after a high intensity exercise session on subsequent run performance

Brophy-Williams

Landers

Wallman

2011

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) performed immediately or 3 h after a high intensity interval exercise session (HIIS) on next-day exercise performance. Eight male athletes performed three HIIS at 90%VO 2max velocity followed by either a passive recovery (CON), CWI performed immediately post-exercise (CWI(0)) or CWI performed 3 h post-exercise (CWI(3)). Recovery trials were performed in a counter balanced manner. Participants then returned 24 h later and completed a muscle soreness and a totally quality recovery perception (TQRP) questionnaire, which was then followed by the Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Test [level 1] (YRT). Venous blood samples were collected pre-HIIS and pre-YRT to determine C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels. Significantly more shuttles were performed during the YRT following CWI(0) compared to the CON trial (p=0.017, ES = 0.8), while differences between the CWI(3) and the CON trials approached significance (p = 0.058, ES = 0.5). Performance on the YRT between the CWI(0) and CWI(3) trials were similar (p = 0.147, ES = 0.3). Qualitative analyses demonstrated a 98% and 92% likely beneficial effect of CWI(0) and CWI(3) on next day performance, compared to CON, respectively, while CWI(0) resulted in a 79% likely benefit when compared to CWI(3). CRP values were significantly lower pre-YRT, compared to baseline, following CWI(0) (p = 0.0.36) and CWI(3) (p = 0.045), but were similar for CON (p = 0.157). Muscle soreness scores were similar between trials (p = 1.10), while TQRP scores were significantly lower for CON compared to CWI(0) (p = 0.002 ) and CWI(3) (p = 0.024). Immediate CWI resulted in superior next-day YRT performance compared to CON, while delayed (3 h) CWI was also likely to be beneficial. Qualitative analyses suggested that CWI(0) resulted in better performance than CWI(3). These results are important for athletes who do not have immediate access to CWI following exercise.

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Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise

Bleakley

McDonough

Gardner

et al. 2012

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

116

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BACKGROUND: Many strategies are in use with the intention of preventing or minimizing delayed onset muscle soreness and fatigue after exercise. Cold-water immersion, in water temperatures of less than 15 °C, is currently one of the most popular interventional strategies used after exercise. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of cold-water immersion in the management of muscle soreness after exercise. SEARCH METHODS: In February 2010, we searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library (2010, Issue 1), Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), British Nursing Index and archive (BNI), and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). We also searched the reference lists of articles, handsearched journals and conference proceedings and contacted experts. In November 2011, we updated the searches of Central (2011, Issue 4), Medline (up to November Week 3 2011), Embase (to 2011 Week 46) and CINAHL (to 28 November 2011) to check for more recent publications. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing the effect of using cold-water immersion after exercise with: passive intervention (rest/no intervention), contrast immersion, warmwater immersion, active recovery, compression, or a different duration/ dosage of cold-water immersion. Primary outcomes were pain (muscle soreness) or tenderness (pain on palpation), and subjective recovery (return to previous activities without signs or symptoms). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently evaluated study quality and extracted data. Some of the data were obtained following author correspondence or extracted from graphs in the trial reports. Where possible, data were pooled using the fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Seventeen small trials were included, involving a total of 366 participants. Study quality was low. The temperature, duration and frequency of cold-water immersion varied between the different trials as did the exercises and settings. The majority of studies failed to report active surveillance of pre-defined adverse events. Fourteen studies compared cold-water immersion with passive intervention. Pooled results for muscle soreness showed statistically significant effects in favour of cold-water immersion after exercise at 24 hour (standardized mean difference, SMD-0.55, 95% CI-0.84 to-0.27; 10 trials), 48 hour (SMD-0.66, 95% CI-0.97 to-0.35; 8 trials), 72 hour (SMD-0.93; 95% CI-1.36 to-0.51; 4 trials) and 96 hour (SMD-0.58; 95% CI-1.00 to-0.16; 5 trials) follow-ups. These results were heterogeneous. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed that studies using cross-over designs or running-based exercises showed significantly larger effects in favour of coldwater immersion. Pooled results from two studies found cold-water immersion groups had significantly lower ratings of fatigue (MD-1.70; 95% CI-2.49 to-0.90; 10 units scale, best to worst), and potentially improved ratings of physical recovery...

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Physiological Responses to Cold Water Immersion Following Cycling in the Heat

Cited by 90 publications

References 19 publications

Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Sports Performance Recovery: A Review

Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Sports Performance Recovery: A Review

Effect of immediate and delayed cold water immersion after a high intensity exercise session on subsequent run performance

Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise

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