Physiological responses to asynchronous and synchronous arm-cranking exercise

Hopman, Maria T. E.; Teeffelen, W. M. van; Brouwer, J.W.L.; Houtman, S.; Binkhorst, R. A.

doi:10.1007/bf00964124

Cited by 43 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The higher mechanical efficiency in handbiking as compared to that in the race wheelchair shows the importance and benefits for wheelchair-dependent persons using a handbike in sport-specific circumstances but especially in all-day mobility. 3,4,11 The measured temperature values with a maximum of 40.41C were remarkably high at the end of the marathon. As the athlete is not able to sweat below the lesion level due to his paraplegia, disturbances of his thermoregulation with the risk of hyperthermia had to be seriously considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The front wheels of the wheelchair were previously jacked up and the result was a three-wheel 'handbike'. The particular advantage of such a modified handbike -compared to everyday wheelchairs -is the increased mechanical efficiency from about 10 (race wheelchair) 2 to 11-15% for asynchronous arm crank ergometry, 3 which leads to a remarkably enlarged mobility radius. Furthermore, from the point of view of sports medicine, handbiking is highly recommended to maintain the level of physical fitness and to prevent arteriosclerotic diseases as it is characterized by a relatively high energy consumption at moderate training intensities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance diagnostics in handbiking during competition

et al. 2005

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Study design: Case study in handbiking under competition conditions. Objective: To investigate exercise-induced, metabolic, pulmonary, cardiovascular and energetic reactions of a paraplegic athlete during a city marathon. Setting: City marathon Cologne, Germany. Subject: We tested a 27-year-old male athlete from the German national team. The handicap of the athlete was a complete traumatic spinal cord injury ASIA/IMSOP Grade A at the level of the fourth thoratic vertebra (Th 4 ). Method: In the competition, the athlete used his own race handbike whose crank system had been exchanged for a power measurement system with registering option. For measuring ventilatory gas parameters during exercise, a portable spirometric system was used. The athlete managed to finish the marathon race in 1:48:54 h. Results: The mean oxygen uptake ( . VO 2 ) during the marathon was 1580 ml/min, with a maximum value of 2535 ml/min. The mean heart frequency was 137 bpm with a maximum of 157 bpm. During the race the mean energy consumption was 463 kcal/h with a maximum of 758 kcal/h. Prior to the race, the blood lactate value was 2.9 mmol/l; after 10 km 4.4 mmol/l; after 20 km 2.9 mmol/l, and after 30 km 2.9 mmol/l. Conclusion: Competition-oriented handbikers should concentrate on exercise units of long duration at low intensities -like marathon runners or cyclists -in order to improve their aerobic performance capacity. However, it has to be pointed out that paraplegic athletes develop relatively high metabolic intensities in competition and that the variability of their physiological parameters is considerably high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance diagnostics in handbiking during competition

et al. 2005

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“…The more pronounced triceps fatigue during synchronous cranking is consistent with previous ®ndings that showed triceps to be activated during 75% of the synchronous cranking cycle versus 50% during the asynchronous movement cycle. 8 During asynchronous cranking the forward`push' developed by the triceps and the shoulder¯exors is assisted by the backward`pull' of the contralateral elbow¯exors and shoulder extensors. As a result, fatigue of the triceps was delayed and probably accounted for the greater total test times and longer power production during asynchronous cranking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are aware of just two reports that have made direct comparisons between synchronous and asynchronous modes of arm cranking. 7,8 Only three individuals with paraplegia were studied and the report lacks sucient detail necessary to draw conclusions. 7 Both studies recommend further study of individuals with spinal impairments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of asynchronous versus synchronous arm crank ergometry

et al. 1999

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Study Design: A direct comparison of synchronous versus asynchronous arm crank ergometry has not been carried out previously. Therefore, a comparative research design was employed. Objective: To assess the physiological responses of arm cranking when performed asynchronously (arms moving opposite to each other) versus synchronously (both arms moving in the same direction simultaneously). Setting: A university hospital setting in Galveston, Texas, USA. Methods: Seventeen individuals between the ages of 19 and 53 years were studied, 11 with paraplegia and six with no apparent disability. Two maximal arm crank graded exercise tests were performed with the subject seated in a wheelchair. Testing consisted of both arms (1) asynchronously (reciprocally) pushing and pulling the crank handles and (2) pushing and pulling the crank handles synchronously. Each test consisted of 2 min stages starting at 20 W and increasing 10 W per stage thereafter until exhaustion. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and minute ventilation were measured and recorded during each stage. Blood lactate levels were monitored before and after each test. Statistical analysis was performed using the multivariate Hotelling's T 2 followed by post hoc univariate tests. Results: Greater power and longer test times (both groups, P50.05) and higher post test blood lactates (nondisabled P50.01, paraplegic P50.05) were achieved with asynchronous cranking versus synchronous cranking. While submaximal responses were similar between the two modes of cranking, there was a tendency for all variables to be lower with asynchronous. All subjects preferred asynchronous rather than synchronous cranking. Conclusion: Despite few statistically signi®cant dierences, based on the subjective reports from all subjects, we believe there is a clinically signi®cant dierence between the two modes of cranking. The results suggest that the mode of cranking may have implications for arm crank testing, training, and functional locomotion in individuals with lower extremity impairments.

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“…Nonetheless, our subjects' lack of experience and training in this task meant that we avoided training effects related to the propulsion modes and backrest position used by experienced handcyclers. Studies of the effects of ergonomic adjustments and design within nonexperienced subjects have already demonstrated interest in arm crank exercise [16,[21][22] and in handcycling [12,14]. The effects of backrest adjustment were fully investigated in our experiment, since we excluded the potential confounding factor of limited or variable trunk function by using nondisabled subjects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of backrest positioning and gear ratio on nondisabled subjects' handcycling sprinting performance and kinematics

Faupin

Gorce²,

Meyer³

et al. 2008

JRRD

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Abstract-Backrest position is a significant parameter in handcycling that one must consider when seeking to optimize the user-to-chair interface. We studied the effects of backrest position on handcycle propulsion kinematics. Ten nondisabled participants with no handcycle propulsion experience repeated an 8 s sprint with three backrest positions (backrest angle between 45°a nd 50° to the horizontal, backrest angle between 65° and 70° to the horizontal, and without backrest) and three gear ratios (GRs) (GR22/21 = low, GR32/21 = medium, and GR44/21 = high). We used three-dimensional movement analysis to calculate the average maximal velocity, cycle frequency, and angle parameters for the arms and trunk. Our results showed statistically higher trunk flexion/extension (p < 0.001) and maximal velocity (p < 0.001) when a backrest was not used. Moreover, these differences were accentuated as the GR increased (GR44/21). Our results suggest that handcycle users with unimpaired upper-body and trunk function can improve handcycling performance by removing the backrest. Nevertheless, future studies on specific groups of subjects with spinal cord injury should be conducted.

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Physiological responses to asynchronous and synchronous arm-cranking exercise

Cited by 43 publications

References 18 publications

Performance diagnostics in handbiking during competition

Performance diagnostics in handbiking during competition

Comparison of asynchronous versus synchronous arm crank ergometry

Effects of backrest positioning and gear ratio on nondisabled subjects' handcycling sprinting performance and kinematics

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