Physiological responses of plants and mites to salicylic acid improve the efficacy of spirodiclofen for controlling Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on greenhouse tomatoes

Spiro Derivatives in the Discovery of New Pesticides: A Research Review

“…For example, Mohammad treated tomato plants with 2 mM salicylic acid, enhancing their resistance to spider mites without any toxic effects. As a result of this intervention, a half dose of spirodiclofen achieved the same level of pest control as the full dose …”

“…As a result of this intervention, a half dose of spirodiclofen achieved the same level of pest control as the full dose. 43 Spiromesifen research focuses on its insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci, mites, and other pests and its dissipation time in vegetables. 44,45 Spiromesifen is highly insecticidal while remaining biologically 46 and environmentally friendly, but this inevitably leads to resistance, 47 so efforts have focused on spiromethyl ester derivatives.…”

Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites

“…The literature on NO-dependent responses of plants infested with arachnids is extremely limited [175,244]. In plants infested with arachnids, the involvement of ROS metabolism [245][246][247], antioxidant enzymes [246,248], phytohormone interactions [249,250], and transcriptomic [251,252] and proteomic changes [253] have been studied. Nevertheless, despite the proven strong links between NO and the response to biotic stresses, there is no direct evidence in the literature.…”

Inoculation of cucumber plants with Beauveria bassiana enhances resistance to Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and increases aphid susceptibility to pirimicarb

“…Levels of metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA) (Heidarvand & Maali-Amiri, 2013), and total chlorophyll (Croft & Chen, 2017) are often altered in plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and can therefore serve as indicators of plant health. Plant secondary metabolites can affect herbivore physiology via changes in levels of digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes (Mardani-Talaee et al, 2016), detoxifying enzymes (Carletto et al, 2010;Homayoonzadeh et al, 2020a), and energy reserves (Sinclair, 2015;Homayoonzadeh et al, 2020b). Ultimately, endophytically-induced changes in host plant physiology can alter herbivores population dynamics, creating potentially useful applications in biological pest control (Zahedi et al, 2019).…”

“…Because stress induces compensatory changes in organismal metabolism, energy reserves often refl ect overall fi tness and condition (Villarroel et al, 2009, Homayoonzadeh et al, 2020b. The reduced protein content of cotton aphids fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants may refl ect the observed reduction in enzyme content (Neoliya et al, 2005).…”