Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from Heterosigma akashiwo

Abstract

Despite the invaluable role of anesthetics as a tool for ensuring animal welfare in stressful situations, there is currently a lack of anesthetic drugs that meet the requirements of intensive aquaculture. In response to the growing interest in anesthetic substances of natural origin, this study evaluated the physiological and health impact of an anesthetic based on an extract of the microalga Heterosigma akashiwo on juvenile salmon (Salmo salar) exposed for a period of 72 h. To simulate a condition closer to reality where fish are subjected to stimuli (e.g., transport), the animals were exposed to 50 mg L−1 of algal extract and to physical stress. Functional, physiological, and histological parameters were evaluated in blood and tissues at different sampling periods (0, 24, and 72 h). There was no mortality and the induction and recovery times observed were within the established criteria for anesthetic efficacy. The anesthetic extract did not induce any side effects, such as stress or metabolic damage, indicating that this extract is a viable option for supporting fish welfare during deleterious events. This study provides information to support that the anesthetic extract tested, derived from H. akashiwo, is a promising candidate drug for operations requiring sedation (e.g., Salmonid transport).

A Review of Factors Affecting Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Welfare in Australia and Beyond

“…Studies have evaluated anaesthetics in the context of transport to sea (Sandodden et al 2001), e.g., AQUI-S (5.0 mg/L) reduced mortality from 11.5% in unsedated fish to 2.5% in sedated individuals and clove oil (4.0 mg/L) reduced mortality by 10% . Other approaches include providing protection from microbial stressors, such as from the microalga Heterosigma akashiwo (Goncalves et al 2022).…”