Physiological relationships between microbiological status and dietary copper levels in the pig

Shurson, Gerald C; Ku, P. K.; Waxler, G. L.; Yokoyama, M. T.; Miller, E. R.

doi:10.2527/1990.6841061x

Cited by 68 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…In accordance with these findings we have also found that copper affects the composition and activity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned pigs ( Figure 5). Evidence that copper accomplishes its growth promoting effect through the microbiota is further supported by the results of Shurson et al (1990), which showed that high Cu (283 ppm) tends to increase daily growth rate and feed conversion rate in conventional pigs but decreases them in germ-free pigs. Shurson et al (1990) also found that high Cu generally reduces villus height and width and crypt depth in germ-free pigs, whereas it increases these parameters in conventional pigs.…”

Section: St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Rec St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Recsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Evidence that copper accomplishes its growth promoting effect through the microbiota is further supported by the results of Shurson et al (1990), which showed that high Cu (283 ppm) tends to increase daily growth rate and feed conversion rate in conventional pigs but decreases them in germ-free pigs. Shurson et al (1990) also found that high Cu generally reduces villus height and width and crypt depth in germ-free pigs, whereas it increases these parameters in conventional pigs. 250 ppm Cu (as copper sulphate) has also been shown to stimulate intestinal lipase and phospholipase A 2 activities, leading to an improvement of dietary fat digestibility in weaning pigs (Luo et al, 1996), and to increase protein utilisation, most probably through activation of pepsin activity (Kirschgessner et al, 1976).…”

Section: St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Rec St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Recsupporting

confidence: 52%

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The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

Jensen¹

1998

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

181

108

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The diverse collection of microorganisms colonising the healthy gastrointestinal tract of pigs, referred to as the microbiota, plays an essential role not only for the well-being of the animal, but also for animal nutrition and performance and for the quality of animal products. A number of naturally-occurring and artificial factors has been shown to affect the composition and activity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, these include: diet composition, growth promoting antibiotics, copper, use of probiotics, specific carbohydrates, organic acids and fermented feed.It is generally accepted that the microbiota in the small intestine competes with the host animal for easily digestible nutrients and at the same time produces toxic compounds. A pronounced microbial fermentation occurs in the stomach and small intestine in young piglets. Results have shown that approximately equal amounts of organic acids were produced in the three compartments: stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Further, experiments have shown that as much as 6% of the net energy in the pig diet could be lost due to microbial fermentation in the stomach and small intestine. On the other hand it has been shown that on a normal Danish pig diet, 16.4% of the total energy supply for the pig is achived from microbial fermentation in the large intestine. However, the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable the first week after weaning and it takes 2 to 3 weeks after weaning before the fermentation capacity of the microbiota in the hindgut has developed.Use of growth promoting antibiotics in the feed is widespread in pig production. However, the use of the antibiotics avoparcin and virginiamycin as growth promoters in animal feed has been associated with an increase in resistance of bacteria to therapeutic agents and a fear that this could reduce the ability to treat diseased humans. This has caused an increased awareness of the use of antibiotics and a general wish to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters.Probiotics, organic acids and specific carbohydrates (yeast cell walls) are often suggested as alternatives to the use of antibiotic growth promoters. However, due to their relative high prices and the variability and unpredictability of their effect, the use of these products is financially questionable in practical pig production. One way to solve this problem may be the use of fermented liquid feed. Fermented liquid feed is characterised by a high number of lactic acid bacteria, high number of yeast and high concentration of lactic acid, and several investigations has shown fermented liquid 46 FEED ADDITIVES AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN GUT feed to improve growth performance in pigs and to established a prophylactic barrier against gastrointestinal disorders. In general there is no doubt that the effect of feed additives are greatest in young animals where they have been found to improve growth performance and to reduce scouring and neonatal mortality. The present paper review our current state ...

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Section: St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Rec St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Recsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Rec St Si1 Si2 Si3 Cae Co1 Co2 Recsupporting

confidence: 52%

The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

Jensen¹

1998

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

181

108

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“…Reduced crypt depth and increased villus length agree with the previous observations in germ-free pigs (Kenworthy, 1970;Thompson, and Trexler, 1971;Wostmann, 1975;Shurson et al, 1990;Shirkey et al, 2005). In the present study villi were the longest in the jejunum and shortest in the duodenum and ileum, whereas crypt depth was shortest in the jejunum and deepest in the duodenum throughout the observation period (Figures 5 and 6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Postnatal morphological development and production of short-chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic piglets

Gancarčíková¹,

Buleca²,

Žitňan³

et al. 2009

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The present study examined the impact of Enterococcus faecium on morphological development and production of short-chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic piglets during milk nutrition and weaning. The experiment was carried out on (18) gnotobiotic piglets. The piglets were non-colostral and the feeding ration consisted of autoclaved milk substitute (Sanolac Ferkel, Germany). From the first day of life a probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecium was administered continually at a dose of 2 ml of inoculum (1 ml contained 1 × 10 4 CFU).The animals were weaned on Day 28. Gastrointestinal tract was collected from 18 gnotobiotic piglets slaughtered at three hours after birth and at the age of 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The level of short-chain fatty acids was determined in the contents of jejunum, ileum and colon. Samples of intestinal mucosa (from duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were subjected to morphological analysis. We characterized regional variations in morphological and functional responses of the small intestine. The jejunal part of the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic piglets was characterized by relatively short crypts, extremely long villi and narrow lamina propria which contained only few cells up to Day 14 of life. Morphological examination showed that jejunal and ileal villi were significantly lower at 21 days of age (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, resp.). Depending on age, the concentration of both acetoacetic acid and acetic acid was higher in the jejunal contents. The difference was significant on Day 7 of age (P < 0.05) for acetoacetic acid and on Day 28 of age (P < 0.01) for acetic acid. The concentration of acetic acid in the colonal content of gnotobiotic piglets was significantly higher on Day 7 (P < 0.05) and 21 of age (P < 0.01). The study demonstrated that the respective bacterial species affected differently the intestinal morphology and concentration of short-chain fatty acids and suggested that postnatal bacterial colonization patterns may have long-term effects on intestinal health and development.

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“…Cu supplementation decreased crypt depth, which is in agreement with Hedemann et al (2006) who evaluated the effect of dietary Cu and Zn during the 14-day post weaning period in pigs weaned at 28 days of age. However, this result was in contrast to previous studies showing increased crypt depths (Shurson et al 1990) or no effect of higher dietary Cu intake on crypt depths (Radecki et al 1992). Perhaps CS-Cu could increase the amount of readily available nutrients, and thus improve villus development and repair.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…In the current study, Cu supplementation increased villus height, which was in agreement with Shurson et al (1990) and in contrast to previous studies reporting no effect of high Cu supplementation on villus height (Radecki et al 1992;Hedemann et al 2006). It is well known that in piglets villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia occur after weaning (Xiong et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Correlations of genes expression in PPAR signalling pathway with porcine meat quality traits

Wang¹,

Xue²,

Xu³

et al. 2016

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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Yue X., Hu L., Fu X., Lv M., Han X. (2017): Dietary chitosan-Cu chelate affects growth performance and small intestinal morphology and apoptosis in weaned piglets. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 62, 15-21.The effects of dietary chitosan-copper chelate (CS-Cu) on growth performance, diarrhea, intestinal morphology and epithelial cell apoptosis in weaned piglets was investigated. One hundred and sixty Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weanling barrows with an average body weight of 7.75 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: (1) control, (2) 100 mg Cu/kg diet from CuSO 4 , (3) 100 mg Cu/kg diet from CuSO 4 mixed with chitosan (CuSO 4 +CS), (4) 100 mg Cu/kg diet from CS-Cu. The feeding trial lasted for 30 days. The results showed that the pigs receiving a diet containing CS-Cu had higher average daily gain and lower diarrhea incidence than the pigs receiving dietary CuSO 4 and CuSO 4 +CS. Villus height and the ratio of villus height/ crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were higher and crypt depth was lower in CS-Cu treated pigs than in pigs fed dietary CuSO 4 or CuSO 4 +CS. An apparent decrease of ileal epithelial cell apoptosis in pigs fed CS-Cu diet was found. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in pigs fed dietary CS-Cu than in those fed other diets. The results indicated that dietary CS-Cu showed better biological and physiological function in improving small intestinal morphology and reducing diarrhea incidence.

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Physiological relationships between microbiological status and dietary copper levels in the pig

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

Postnatal morphological development and production of short-chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic piglets

Correlations of genes expression in PPAR signalling pathway with porcine meat quality traits

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