Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional)

Andrade, Suzana Carvalho Vaz de; Marcucci, Rosa Maria Bruno; Faria, Lílian de Fátima Costa; Paschoal, Sérgio Márcio Pacheco; Rebustini, Flávio; Melo, Ruth Caldeira de

doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao5263

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, aerobic fitness per unit of body mass could be a factor in the endurance performance, which showed a correlation with the level of competition in ultra-long-distance runners [33]. The second ventilation threshold was also the best aerobic fitness variable [33]. These physiological variables, such as the second ventilation threshold, aerobic fitness per body unit, or muscle mass, could also be used for further studies to investigate the endurance performance of older athletes.…”

Section: Performance Gap Disappeared In Older Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Furthermore, it has been shown that lifelong endurance training can maintain muscle mass and function in the elderly [32]. Similarly, aerobic fitness per unit of body mass could be a factor in the endurance performance, which showed a correlation with the level of competition in ultra-long-distance runners [33]. The second ventilation threshold was also the best aerobic fitness variable [33].…”

Section: Performance Gap Disappeared In Older Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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An Analysis of Participation and Performance of 2067 100-km Ultra-Marathons Worldwide

Stöhr

Nikolaidis

Villiger

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This study aimed to analyze the number of successful finishers and the performance of the athletes in 100-km ultra-marathons worldwide. A total of 2067 100-km ultra-marathon races with 369,969 men and 69,668 women competing between 1960 and 2019 were analyzed, including the number of successful finishers, age, sex, and running speed. The results showed a strong increase in the number of running events as well as a strong increase in the number of participants in the 100-km ultra-marathons worldwide. The performance gap disappeared in athletes older than 60 years. Nevertheless, the running speed of athletes over 70 years has improved every decade. In contrast, the performance gap among the top three athletes remains persistent over all decades (F = 83.4, p < 0.001; pη2 = 0.039). The performance gap between the sexes is not significant in the youngest age groups (20–29 years) and the oldest age groups (>90 years) among recreational athletes and among top-three athletes over 70 years. In summary, especially for older athletes, a 100-km ultra-marathon competition shows an increasing number of opponents and a stronger performance challenge. This will certainly be of interest for coaches and athletes in the future, both from a scientific and sporting point of view.

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Section: Performance Gap Disappeared In Older Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Performance Gap Disappeared In Older Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

An Analysis of Participation and Performance of 2067 100-km Ultra-Marathons Worldwide

Stöhr

Nikolaidis

Villiger

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…Furthermore, it has been observed that lifelong endurance training can function and maintain muscle mass in the elderly [ 47 ]. Similarly, aerobic fitness per unit of body mass could be a factor in endurance performance, which showed a correlation with the level of competition in ultra–long-distance runners [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing Variation in Multistage Ultramarathons: Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Fariod¹,

Olher²,

Sousa³

et al. 2023

JMIR Form Res

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Background Ultramarathon running is the most popular ultraendurance competition in terms of the number of races and runners competing annually worldwide; however, no study has compared pacing and performance over a long period. Objective This study analyzes the pacing of successful finishers and nonfinishers in multistage ultramarathons worldwide. Methods A total of 4079 athletes (men=3288; women=791) competing in 99 multistage ultramarathon events from 1983 to 2021 were analyzed, including the number of participants, age, gender, rank, and running speed of successful finishers. Results The results showed a significant increase in the number of events (n=338) and a significant increase in the number of finishers and nonfinishers (n=5575) in the ultramarathons worldwide during this period. The general linear models (GLMs) of pacing variation showed nonsignificant effects for gender (F1,36.2=2.5; P=.127; ηp2=0.063) and age group (F10,10=0.6; P=.798; ηp2=0.367), but it showed a significant interaction (gender × age) effect (F10,2689=2.3; P=.008; ηp2=0.009). Post hoc analyses showed that men have a higher pacing variation than women in the under 30 years (U30), U35, U45, and U50 groups. Additionally, the fastest women’s age group (U35) had the lowest pacing variation. The GLM of pacing variation by gender and event distance showed significant effects for both gender (F1,3=18.5; P<.001; ηp2=0.007) and distance (F2,3=20.1; P<.001; ηp2=0.015). Post hoc analyses showed a growing pacing variation with increasing race distance for both men and women. In addition, men had a higher variation in long events. Furthermore, there was a significant main effect for both genders (F1,3=33.7; P<.001; ηp2=0.012) and rank (F1,3=136.6; P<.001; ηp2=0.048) on performance, with men being faster than women. Pacing varied greatly due to gender (F1,3=4.0; P=.047; ηp2=0.001), with a lower (ie, more even) pacing variation for male athletes in the top 3 finishers. Male nonfinishers showed a higher performance than female nonfinishers (F1,1340=25.6; P<.001), and no difference was identified for pacing variation (F1,789=1.5; P=.228) based on gender. In addition, a weak but significant correlation (r=–0.130; P<.001) was identified between the average running speed and pacing variation for both female and male nonfinishers. Conclusions In summary, multistage ultramarathon competitions showed an increasing number of competitors and a higher performance challenge. Men have a higher pacing (ie, less even) variation than women, especially observed in longer events. A higher pacing variation was associated with lower performance for men, women, and nonfinishers.

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Physiological Indicators of Trail Running Performance: A Systematic Review

Waal¹,

Gomez-Ezeiza²,

Venter³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To provide a systematic overview of physiological parameters used to determine the training status of a trail runner and how well these parameters correlate with real-world trail running performance. Method: An electronic literature search of the PubMed and Scopus digital databases was performed. Combinations of the terms “trail run” or “trail runner” or “trail running” and “performance” were used as search terms. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Trail running performance most commonly correlated (mean [SD]) with maximal aerobic capacity (71%; r = −.50 [.32]), lactate threshold (57%; r = −.48 [.28]), velocity at maximal aerobic capacity (43%; r = −.68 [.08]), running economy (43%; r = −.31 [.22]), body fat percentage (43%; r = .55 [.21]), and age (43%; r = .52 [.14]). Regression analyses in 2 studies were based on a single variable predicting 48% to 60% of performance variation, whereas 5 studies included multiple variable regression analyses predicting 48% to 99% of performance variation. Conclusions: Trail running performance is multifaceted. The classic endurance model shows a weaker association with performance in trail running than in road running. Certain variables associated with trail running research (such as testing procedures, race profiles, and study participants) hinder the execution of comparative studies. Future research should employ trail-specific testing protocols and clear, objective descriptions of both the race profile and participants’ training status.

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Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional)

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

An Analysis of Participation and Performance of 2067 100-km Ultra-Marathons Worldwide

An Analysis of Participation and Performance of 2067 100-km Ultra-Marathons Worldwide

Pacing Variation in Multistage Ultramarathons: Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Physiological Indicators of Trail Running Performance: A Systematic Review

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