Physiological performance in aquaculture: Using physiology to help define optimal conditions for growth and environmental tolerance

Brauner, Colin J.; Richards, Jeffrey G.

doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2020.10.001

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…In theory, if the metabolic costs of osmoregulation are high, then fish reared under conditions where the salinity is iso-osmotic with internal fluids (~10 ppt) would have lower osmotic gradients and lower metabolic costs associated with osmoregulation. Under these conditions, the alleviated metabolic scope could be allocated to other physiological processes including growth (Brauner and Richards, 2020). In line with this prediction, previous studies have observed improved growth rates in some fish species reared at intermediate salinities (Otto 1971;Lambert et al 1994;Gaumet et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…This theory is supported by Morgan and Iwama (1998) who found that gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity from coho salmon smolts reared at 10 ppt was significantly lower than coho salmon reared at 0 and 28 ppt. If the lower gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity measured at intermediate salinities equates to an overall reduction in the costs of osmoregulation, these lower costs should alleviate metabolic scope that could then be re-allocated toward other physiological functions including greater somatic growth (Brauner and Richards, 2020). Indeed, our growth data in both coho and Atlantic salmon are consistent with this hypothesis and both species attained a larger size at intermediate salinities (5-10 ppt) compared with those reared in freshwater or full-strength seawater.…”

Section: Experiments 2 -Salinity Growth Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sexually mature fish reallocate energy from somatic tissues to reproduction, which subsequently slows growth, impairs feed conversion and deteriorates flesh quality (Good et al 2016), while cataract formation results in reduced sight or blindness and reduces food consumption in Atlantic salmon (Breck and Sveier 2001;Ersdal et al 2001). Rearing fish under conditions that reduce sexual maturation and cataracts, but yield optimal growth and welfare is one of the ways to maximize production output in RAS; however, truly optimal conditions have rarely been defined for rearing of fish in RAS (Brauner and Richards, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth, feed conversion, sexual maturation, and cataract formation in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Atlantic (Salmo salar) salmon post-smolts reared at different salinities in recirculating aquaculture systems for over one year

et al. 2021

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There is an increasing interest in defining optimal conditions to rear salmon to market size in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Salinity however, as a parameter that can be potentially manipulated, has been poorly studied. To address this knowledge gap, we reared coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum, 1792) and Atlantic (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) salmon from smolt to market size over ~460 days at five different salinities (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and examined their growth performance. We found that both species reared at intermediate salinities (5-10 ppt) started to show significantly larger body mass than fish reared either in freshwater or full-strength seawater at around day 250-300. These growth-enhancing effects were maintained until day 460. The higher growth in Atlantic salmon at intermediate salinities was associated with reduced economic feed conversion ratio, but this was not observed in coho salmon. The all-female coho salmon showed no incidence of sexual maturation and negligible cataract formation, while the mixed-sex Atlantic salmon showed high levels of sexual maturation (up to 50%) and presence of cataracts (up to 60%). Our results indicate that all-female coho salmon may be better suited to RAS than Atlantic salmon in some aspects. However, in both species, long-term rearing at intermediate salinities improves growth in RAS.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Experiments 2 -Salinity Growth Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth, feed conversion, sexual maturation, and cataract formation in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Atlantic (Salmo salar) salmon post-smolts reared at different salinities in recirculating aquaculture systems for over one year

et al. 2021

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“…Specifically, the fish is exposed to increasing water temperature at a standard rapid rate of increase (often 0.3°C per minute) until loss of equilibrium (LOE) (Becker & Genoway, 1979; Lutterschmidt & Hutchison, 1997). Although the mechanisms underlying LOE are still unclear (Brauner & Richards, 2020), CT max has been demonstrated as a repeatable metric of tolerance (Morgan et al, 2018) that is sublethal and relatively simple, fast, and easy to measure even in field settings (e.g., Chrétien & Chapman, 2016; Turko et al, 2020), and in some cases, relates to thermal tolerance measured in response to slower warming. For example, Åsheim et al (2020) found that upper thermal tolerance to rapid warming (CT max ) was correlated with upper thermal tolerance measured under slow warming conditions in zebrafish acclimated to 22°C and weakly correlated in fish acclimated to 34°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Take time to look at the fish: Behavioral response to acute thermal challenge in two Amazonian cichlids

Kochhann

Sarmento²,

Oliveira

et al. 2021

J Exp Zool Pt A

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Critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is often used as an index of upper thermal tolerance in fishes; however, recent studies have shown that some fishes exhibit agitation or avoidance behavior well before the CTmax is reached. In this study, we quantified behavioral changes during CTmax trials in two Amazonian cichlids, Apistogramma agassizii and Mesonauta insignis. The thermal agitation temperature (Tag) was recorded as the temperature at which fish left cover and began swimming in an agitated manner, and four behaviors (duration of sheltering, digging, activity, and aquatic surface respiration [ASR]) were compared before and after Tag. Both A. agassizii and M. insignis exhibited high critical thermal maxima, 40.8°C and 41.3°C, respectively. Agitation temperature was higher in M. insignis (37.3°C) than in A. agassizii (35.4°C), indicating that A. agassizii has a lower temperature threshold at which avoidance behavior is initiated. Activity level increased and shelter use decreased with increased temperatures, and patterns were similar between the two species. Digging behavior increased after Tag in both species, but was higher in A. agassazii and may reflect its substrate‐oriented ecology. ASR (ventilating water at the surface film) was extremely rare before Tag, but increased in both cichlid species after Tag and was greater in M. insignis than in A. agassizii. This suggests that fish were experiencing physiological hypoxia at water temperatures approaching CTmax. These results demonstrate that acute thermal challenge can induce a suite of behavioral changes in fishes that may provide additional, ecologically relevant information on thermal tolerance.

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“…As such, a growing body of literature has focussed on determining optimal abiotic conditions (e.g. temperature and salinity) that minimise metabolic costs and thereby maximise growth (Brauner & Richards, 2020). The regulation of ion and acid‐base balance in fishes incurs a metabolic cost because of the involvement of active, ATP‐dependent transporters that transport ions and acid‐base equivalents across membranes and epithelia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and aquaculture: A review of ion and acid‐base regulation by the gills of fishes

Zimmer

Perry

2022

Fish and Fisheries

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Fish aquaculture facilities strive to maintain abiotic conditions that optimise somatic growth. Two physiological systems that are critically linked to environmental abiotic factors are ion and acid-base regulation. Given the detrimental effects of ionic and acid-base imbalances coupled with the potential energetic costs of ion and acid-base regulation, it is important to understand how changes in abiotic variables such as salinity, temperature and pH alter ionoregulatory and acid-base physiology. The gill is the predominant site of ion and acid-base regulation, two linked processes that are vital to the health of fishes. Most species maintain ion levels in the blood plasma within a narrow range, independent of external ion concentrations. In freshwater (FW), fishes must actively take up ions from their dilute environment to counteract passive ion losses, while in seawater (SW), ion excretion serves to counteract passive salt gain. Ion uptake (FW) and excretion (SW) are coordinated by different subtypes of ion-transporting cells (ionocytes) expressed in the gill epithelium. In this review, we discuss the function of FW and SW ionocytes in the movement of ions across the gill epithelium and address other features of the gill that are integral to ionoregulation.We also discuss the mechanisms of acid-base regulation by the gill, which is intimately related to ion regulation because it is coordinated by Na + -and Cl − -linked fluxes of acid (H + ) and base (HCO − 3 ) equivalents. These fundamental physiological principles are integral in understanding how fishes in aquaculture respond to relevant disturbances that may occur under culture conditions.

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Physiological performance in aquaculture: Using physiology to help define optimal conditions for growth and environmental tolerance

Cited by 27 publications

References 167 publications

Growth, feed conversion, sexual maturation, and cataract formation in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Atlantic (Salmo salar) salmon post-smolts reared at different salinities in recirculating aquaculture systems for over one year

Growth, feed conversion, sexual maturation, and cataract formation in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Atlantic (Salmo salar) salmon post-smolts reared at different salinities in recirculating aquaculture systems for over one year

Take time to look at the fish: Behavioral response to acute thermal challenge in two Amazonian cichlids

Physiology and aquaculture: A review of ion and acid‐base regulation by the gills of fishes

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