Physiological noise in oxygenation‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

The physiological noise in the resting brain, which arises from fluctuations in metabolic-linked brain physiology and subtle brain pulsations, was investigated in six healthy volunteers using oxygenation-sensitive dual-echo spiral MRI at 3.0 T. In contrast to the system and thermal noise, the physiological noise demonstrates a signal strength dependency and, unique to the metabolic-linked noise, an echo-time dependency. Variations of the MR signal strength by changing the flip angle and echo time allowed separation of the different noise components and revealed that the physiological noise at 3.0 T (1) exceeds other noise sources and (2) is significantly greater in cortical gray matter than in white matter regions. The SNR in oxygenation-sensitive MRI is predicted to saturate at higher fields, suggesting that noise measurements of the resting brain at 3.0 T and higher may provide a sensitive probe of functional information. Several biophysical models (1,2) and recent investigations of the field dependency in MRI (3-8) strongly suggest improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at higher magnetic fields. In a recent work (8), however, we have shown that the physiological noise demonstrates an MR signal strength dependency and exceeds the thermal noise and scanner noise at 3.0 T. Consequently, the physiological noise counteracts the gain in SNR at higher fields. In the present study, a model for the intrinsic noise in oxygenation-sensitive MRI of the human brain is developed. In corresponding experiments the MR-signal strength was modulated by variations in the flip angle (␣) and echo-time (TE) to separate individual noise contributions in the resting brain. Results were compared with the predicted noise contributions and corresponding implications on neuroimaging modalities are discussed. THEORYThe signal and the intrinsic noise in high-field MRI have been shown to be quadratic and linear in B 0 , respectively, resulting in an SNR proportional to the strength of the magnetic field (3,4). Whereas these earlier studies characterize the dominant noise by thermally generated random noise from the subject and scanner electronics and assume that coil losses are negligible (4), we expand this model by considering physiological noise as a further significant contribution to the total image noise:Here, T is the thermal noise from the subject and scanner electronics and S describes other system noise that includes drift and imperfections in RF, gradient, and shim subsystems. 0 , the square-law sum of T and S , is considered the raw noise and has been shown to be proportional to B 0 (4) but independent of the MR-signal strength. The term P in Eq.[1] describes the physiological noise, which arises from fluctuations in the basal cerebral metabolism (CMRO 2 ), blood flow (CBF), and blood volume (CBV), but also from cardiac and respiratory functions that cause quasiperiodic oscillations in the vascular system (9 -11), motion from subtle brain pulsatility (12), and magnetic field modula...

High resolution fMRI of subcortical regions during visual erotic stimulation at 7 T

“…Kruger et al [16] and Triantafyllou et al [17] have shown that physiological noise at high field can cause the timecourse SNR of fMRI series to fall below the image SNR. Because this effect is more pronounced for high fields in combination with large voxel volumes the higher field discourages the use of large voxels.…”

High resolution single-shot EPI at 7T

“…If no other effects were to be considered this would lead to a more than quadratic improvement in BOLD effect to noise ratio with field strength [1,2]. However, physiologic noise has T2*-dependent contributions and also increases with field strength resulting in a reduction of the benefit especially if the resolution is kept constant [3]. Bodurka et al [4] have shown that the increased BOLD sensitivity is optimally exploited when the thermal noise together with system instabilities match the physiologic noise.…”

3T in der Neuroradiologie—Spannungsfeld zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit

“…Zudem ändert sich die transversale Relaxationsrate R2* = 1/T2* für kleine Blutgefäße und Kapillaren quadratisch mit der Magnetfeldstärke, während für grö-ßere Blutgefäße (ableitende Venen) eine lineare Abhängigkeit besteht [18]. Dementsprechend sollten hö-here Feldstärken zu einer höheren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber BOLDÄnderungen vor allem in den Kapillaren führen [19,20], die näher an der zugrundeliegenden neuronalen Aktivierung liegen und bei 1,5T nur sehr kleine Signaländerungen verursachen. Mittlerweile gibt es eine Reihe von Studien, die tatsächlich deutliche Vorteile für die BOLD-fMRT bei höheren Feldstärken zeigen [18,[21][22][23][24].…”

“…durch den Einsatz der parallelen Bildgebung ausgeglichen werden (s. Abbildung 3); allerdings müssen hierbei Effekte durch lokal variierende Rauschverstärkung beachtet werden [27]. Außerdem wird bei höheren Feldstärken das zeitabhängige Rauschen zunehmend von BOLD-artigen physiologischen Fluktuationen dominiert, die von der Signalstärke und der Suszeptibilitätsgewichtung (Echozeit) abhängen [19]. Dadurch sind bei moderaten räumlichen Auflösungen jenseits von 3T kaum noch wesentliche Empfindlichkeitszuwächse zu erwarten.…”