Physiological Limiting Factors and Distance Running

Joyner, Michael J.

doi:10.1249/00003677-199301000-00004

Cited by 124 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…There is a physiological sex difference explaining the faster performance of men compared to women. Generally, men have larger hearts, a lower body fat, a larger haemoglobin concentration and a higher skeletal muscle mass per unit of body weight, and a higher maximal oxygen consumption than women (Cheuvront et al 2005; Joyner 1993; Sparling 1980). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Rüst

Rosemann

Knechtle³

2014

SpringerPlus

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Recent studies reported different ages for peak freestyle swimming performances for 50 m and 1,500 m. The aims of the present study were (i) to determine the age of peak freestyle swimming speed for distances including 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1,500 m and to (ii) analyze the sex difference in peak freestyle swimming speed for all distances between 50 m and 1,500 m for elite female and male swimmers competing at national level. Data from the ‘Swiss Swimming Federation’ between 2006 and 2010 from 10,405 men and 9,552 women were analyzed using regression analyses and analyses of variance (ANOVA). Women achieved peak freestyle swimming speed at ~20–21 years from 50 m to 400 m, at ~24–25 years in 1,500 m and at ~25–27 years in 800 m. In men, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed varied between ~22–23 years and ~25–27 years for 50 m to 1,500 m. Between the age of 10 and 29 years, the sex difference in freestyle swimming speed increased from 2.2 ± 0.4% to 19.0 ± 6.7% in 50 m (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.001), from 2.4 ± 0.7% to 10.8 ± 2.8% in 100 m (r2 = 0.67, P = 0.004) and from 3.6 ± 1.9% to 10.2 ± 3.4% in 200 m (r2 = 0.60, P = 0.008). In 400 m (r2 = 0.24), 800 m (r2 = 0.39) and 1,500 m (r2 = 0.34), the sex difference showed no changes (P > 0.05) with 6.9 ± 3.0%, 5.8 ± 3.5%, and 9.7 ± 8.6%, respectively. The sex difference in freestyle swimming speed showed no change with increasing race distance (r2 = 0.12, P > 0.05). To summarize, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed increased for women with the length of the race distance from 50 m to 200 m, but not from 400 m to 1,500 m. For men, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed varied between ~22–23 years and ~25–27 years from 50 m to 1,500 m. The sex difference in freestyle swimming speed of 9.1 ± 2.5% showed no change with increasing race distance. Future studies need to confirm these findings in elite swimmers competing at international level such as the World Championships and the Olympic Games.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Rüst

Rosemann

Knechtle³

2014

SpringerPlus

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“…In recent decades, evaluation of successful athletes have been performed (Joyner and Coyle 2008; Saltin and Åstrand 1967), and gender differences in the performance of elite runners, track cyclists, swimmers and speed skaters of approximately 12% are revealed (Coast et al 2004; Joyner 1993; Maldonado-Martin et al 2004; Schumacher et al 2001; Seiler et al 2007). However, to our knowledge, possible gender differences in the performance of cross-country skiers have not yet been examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender differences in endurance performance are generally explained by a lower percentage of body fat and higher V O 2max in men (Calbet and Joyner 2010; Joyner 1993), amongst others. Thus, relative to fat-free body mass, the differences in V O 2max and endurance performance between men and women with comparable training are smaller, but still significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, relative to fat-free body mass, the differences in V O 2max and endurance performance between men and women with comparable training are smaller, but still significant. This is likely due to the higher levels of hemoglobin in men (Astrand 1956; Calbet and Joyner 2010; Joyner 1993). On the other hand, no gender differences in strength and power are found in team handball players when normalised for fat-free body mass (van den Tillaar and Ettema 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender differences in the physiological responses and kinematic behaviour of elite sprint cross-country skiers

et al. 2011

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Gender differences in performance by elite endurance athletes, including runners, track cyclists and speed skaters, have been shown to be approximately 12%. The present study was designed to examine gender differences in physiological responses and kinematics associated with sprint cross-country skiing. Eight male and eight female elite sprint cross-country skiers, matched for performance, carried out a submaximal test, a test of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and a shorter test of maximal treadmill speed (Vmax) during treadmill roller skiing utilizing the G3 skating technique. The men attained 17% higher speeds during both the VO2max and the Vmax tests (P < 0.05 in both cases), differences that were reduced to 9% upon normalization for fat-free body mass. Furthermore, the men exhibited 14 and 7% higher VO2max relative to total and fat-free body mass, respectively (P < 0.05 in both cases). The gross efficiency was similar for both gender groups. At the same absolute speed, men employed 11% longer cycles at lower rates, and at peak speed, 21% longer cycle lengths (P < 0.05 in all cases). The current study documents approximately 5% larger gender differences in performance and VO2max than those reported for comparable endurance sports. These differences reflect primarily the higher VO2max and lower percentage of body fat in men, since no gender differences in the ability to convert metabolic rate into work rate and speed were observed. With regards to kinematics, the gender difference in performance was explained by cycle length, not by cycle rate.

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“…So far, literature suggests that there is a significant age-related linear increase in running time starting at age 30–35 [3, 5–10], which accelerates beyond the age of 60–70 [1–4, 7, 11, 12]. Marathon running times of men are 8–18% faster compared to women [13, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Running on age in a 15-km road run: minor influence of age on performance

Celie

Faes

Hopman

et al. 2010

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

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The importance of exercise in the elderly is widely recognized, but data on performances and drop-out in short running contests are lacking. This hinders stimulation and coaching of elderly persons in active aging. The aim of the study was to determine age-related changes in running performance in the most popular Dutch road run, and how this is influenced by gender, training, and increased participation rate over the last decade. This is a retrospective analysis of 194,560 participants of a 15-km run from 1995 to 2007. Multiple regression analysis of running time by age, gender, and training was performed. Trends in participation were examined by chi-square tests and ANOVA. Trends in running time and speed were examined by t tests. With aging, running time increased with 0.20% per year (P < 0.001). Running time was on average 13% (P < 0.001) shorter in men than in women and was 15.7% (P < 0.001) shorter in participants who trained on a regular basis. Decline in performance with age was 5.9% larger for men than women (P < 0.01) and 4.5% larger for trained than untrained participants (P < 0.01). Over the last decade, participation numbers increased most for elderly (≥60 years) and female participants, mean running performance declined with 9.9% (P < 0.001). Drop-out number was low at all ages (0.13–0.29%). It appears that aging has only minor negative influences on running performance, which can even be attenuated by training. Our data suggest that exercise by means of running is a safe and rewarding option for improvement of healthy and active aging.

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Physiological Limiting Factors and Distance Running

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Gender differences in the physiological responses and kinematic behaviour of elite sprint cross-country skiers

Running on age in a 15-km road run: minor influence of age on performance

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