Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). I. Respiration and nitrogen metabolism

Finn, Roderick Nigel; Fyhn, Hans Jørgen; Evjen, M. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00363909

Cited by 124 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The original data of Laurence (1978) were obtained using a Warburg manometer with agitation during experimentation. As noted by Finn (1994), the manometric method used by Laurence (1973) on larval tautog gave estimates of oxygen consumption that were 4 to 5 times higher than for larvae of other species of fish. A similar observation was also indirectly made by Bochdansky & Legget (2001) for Atlantic cod, when they removed Laurence's (1978) data from their analyses.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Surprisingly, however, many of these extrinsic and intrinsic factors have yet to be examined for the critically important larval stages. Apart from the studies of Laurence (1978) and Serigstad (1987a), most metabolic studies during the early life stages of Atlantic cod have been confined to the yolk-sac or first-feeding stages (Davenport & Løn-ning 1980, Davenport et al 1983, Solberg & Tilseth 1984, Serigstad 1986, 1987b, Fyhn & Serigstad 1987, Vigrestad 1993, Finn et al 1995a. More recently, Hunt von Herbing & Boutelier (1996) and Hunt von Herbing et al (2001) were able to correlate the metabolic rate of larval Atlantic cod to different activity events, while Hunt von Herbing et al (1996a-c) have staged the larvae and early juveniles and provided detailed descriptions of the ontogony of cranial morphology in relation to expected respiratory function.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have described the advantage of natural light for the growth of Arcto-Norwegian and coastal Atlantic cod (van der Meeren & Jørstad 2001), while other studies have examined the effect of light on the metabolic rate of other larval fishes (Finn et al 1995c,d, Porter 2001. Apart from the yolk-sac stage studies of Solberg & Tilseth (1984), Serigstad (1987a) and Finn et al (1995a), no information seems to exist on the important influence of light on the metabolic rate of the early life stages of Atlantic cod. Similarly, the substrate used to fuel metabolism has received little attention in the literature.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the substrate used to fuel metabolism has received little attention in the literature. The only studies published for Atlantic cod larvae are for the cleidoic phase of yolk resorption (Fyhn & Serigstad 1987, Finn et al 1995a). In the latter study, it was argued that Atlantic cod larvae have a high reliance of amino-acid catabolism as the major foundation of their energy dissipation.…”

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Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Finn¹,

Rønnestad²,

Meeren³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

153

115

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The simultaneous effect of temperature (5, 7, 10 and 13°C) and light on the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was examined. Larvae increased their mean dry body mass by 2000 times within 48 d. Instantaneous growth rate exceeded 30% d -1 towards the end of the study period, and proportionality of growth followed a triphasic pattern, during which body water content significantly declined but no inflection could be detected in the metabolic exponents. Data were rigorously tested via Model-I (least squares) and Model-II (geometric mean) regression techniques, and the aerobic metabolic rate was found to scale allometrically with both dry and wet body mass. The metabolic exponent was not affected by increasing temperature, but was significantly decreased by the presence of light (b = 0.88 to 0.89 for light-adapted larvae; b = 0.90 to 0.91 for dark-adapted larvae). The effect of light on small larvae (4 to 7 mm standard length, SL) caused a 30 to 40% increase in metabolic rate, while no effect was observed in larger juveniles (40 to 60 mm SL). Acute temperature acclimation of Atlantic cod of 4 to 60 mm SL (0.04 to 350 mg dry mass) demonstrated normal thermal sensitivity with Q 10 values of 2.4 for dark-adapted larvae and 2.6 for light-adapted larvae. Rates of ammonia excretion also scaled allometrically with wet and dry body mass and showed greater variability in dark-adapted compared to light-adapted larvae. Comparison of the molar rates of ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption revealed that Atlantic cod larvae have a high reliance on amino acids as fuel for energy dissipation. With lipids as the assumed co-substrate, amino acids were estimated to account for 70 to 95% of total substrate oxidation for larvae up to 7 mm SL (first 3 to 4 wk of post-hatch development). Beyond 7 mm SL, the reliance on amino acids as fuel began to decline, but even in juveniles of 40 to 60 mm SL, amino acids still represented the dominant source of fuel. For juveniles of between 10 and 20 mm SL, both the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion remained unaffected by the presence of food in the gut. For short-term fasted juveniles (35 to 60 mm SL), however, a substantial decline in the rate of ammonia excretion was observed. This indicates that during short-term fasting (8 to 12 h) early juvenile Atlantic cod conserve amino acids, rather than funneling them into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.KEY WORDS: Scaling · Metabolism · Fuel preference · Free amino acid · Q 10 · Temperature · Cod larvae Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 243: [217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234] 2002 1975). For the juvenile and adult stages of fishes, however, a general exponent of 0.8 has been proposed (Winberg 1956, Wieser 1995, Clarke & Johnston 1999. Giguère et al. (1988) have proposed that the metabolic rates of larval fishes scale isometrically with incre...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Finn¹,

Rønnestad²,

Meeren³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

153

115

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“…The energy requirements of the developing Atlantic cod are met by lipids and amino acids from fertilization to consumption of the yolk sac (Finn et al, 1995). Thereafter, carbohydrate becomes a component of the diet by virtue of the body composition of the prey species, rotifers and Artemia.…”

Section: Expression Of Gluts During Development and Tissue Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) GLUT4, GLUT2 and GPDH:developmental stage expression, tissue expression and relationship to starvation-induced changes in blood glucose

Hall

Short

Driedzic

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY cDNAs of putative glucose transporters, GLUT4 and GLUT2, were cloned from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The GLUT4 cDNA encodes a 503 amino acid and the GLUT2 cDNA a 506 amino acid protein. Phylogenetic analysis, amino acid sequence alignment, and tissue distribution support categorizing them as homologues of mammalian GLUT4 and 2. GLUT4 clusters with GLUT4s from fish and other vertebrates. It shows 84% amino acid identity to GLUT4 from coho salmon and brown trout and 65% identity with other vertebrates. It is most highly expressed in heart, strongly expressed in red and white skeletal muscle and present at lower levels in gill, gonad, intestine, and kidney. GLUT2 clusters with GLUT2 from rainbow trout and other vertebrates. It shows 75% amino acid identity with rainbow trout and 62% identity with chicken GLUT2. In Atlantic cod, GLUT2 is most highly expressed in liver with lower levels noted in intestine and kidney. Food deprivation for 2 months was used as a vehicle to monitor GLUT expression at different blood glucose levels. Starvation resulted in a decrease in blood glucose and liver glycogen that recovered following 20 days of re-feeding. GLUT4 expression in heart was decreased with starvation and increased with re-feeding. GLUT4 mRNA level in heart correlated with blood glucose. It is suggested that this relationship is related to insulin responsiveness. GLUT4 expression in white muscle increased with starvation and decreased with re-feeding. It is proposed that this is due to the necessity to maintain high levels of the glucose transporter protein in the face of starvation-associated proteolysis. GLUT2 expression in liver correlated with blood glucose, consistent with higher rates of glucose transport from liver to blood in the fed state than in the food-deprived state. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) cDNA was also cloned. It encodes a 351 amino acid protein, which is 73-90% identical to GPDH from numerous other fish species. GPDH is ubiquitously expressed. Expression in heart decreased with starvation and increased with refeeding, whereas expression in liver did not change with starvation. In other studies, gene expression was monitored at nine time points from fertilization of eggs to larval development. GLUT4 is detectable in fertilized eggs and is fully expressed by the halfway to hatching point. GLUT2 is not evident at fertilization, is detectable at halfway to hatching, and fully expressed at hatching. GPDH expression was evident from fertilization.

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Proteins

Conceição¹,

Aragão²,

Rønnestad³

2011

Larval Fish Nutrition

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Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). I. Respiration and nitrogen metabolism

Cited by 124 publications

References 39 publications

Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Sequence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) GLUT4, GLUT2 and GPDH:developmental stage expression, tissue expression and relationship to starvation-induced changes in blood glucose

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