Siamwala JH, Lee PC, Macias BR, Hargens AR. Lower-body negative pressure restores leg bone microvascular flow to supine levels during head-down tilt. J Appl Physiol 119: 101-109, 2015. First published April 30, 2015 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00028.2015.-Skeletal unloading and cephalic fluid shifts in microgravity may alter the bone microvascular flow and may be associated with the 1-2% bone loss per month during spaceflight. The purpose of this study was to determine if lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) can prevent microgravity-induced alterations of tibial microvascular flow. Headdown tilt (HDT) simulates the cephalad fluid shift and microvascular flow responses that may occur in microgravity. We hypothesized that LBNP prevents HDT-induced increases in tibial microvascular flow. Tibial bone microvascular flow, oxygenation, and calf circumference were measured during 5 min sitting, 5 min supine, 5 min 15°HDT, and 10 min 15°HDT with 25 mmHg LBNP using photoplethysmography (PPG), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP). Measurements were made simultaneously. DT position, tibial microvascular flow returned to supine levels (1.1 Ϯ 0.5 V; RMANOVA P Ͻ 0.001). Tibial oxygenation did not change significantly during sitting, supine, HDT, or HDT with LBNP. However, calf circumference decreased with 5 min 15°HDT (Ϫ0.7 Ϯ 0.4 V; RMANOVA P Ͻ 0.0001) from supine (Ϫ0.5 Ϯ 0.4 V). However, with LBNP calf circumference returned to supine levels (Ϫ0.4 Ϯ 0.1 V; RMANOVA P ϭ 0.002). These data establish that simulated microgravity increases tibial microvascular flow and LBNP prevents these increases. The results suggest that LBNP may provide a suitable countermeasure to normalize the bone microvascular flow during spaceflight. bone microvascular flow; head-down tilt; spaceflight; photoplethysmography; oxygenation; limb girth PROLONGED SPACEFLIGHT results in the loss of cancellous and cortical bone of tibia at the rate of 1-