Physiological costs in monarch butterflies due to forest cover and visitors

Nicoletti, Mélanie; Gilles, Florent; Galicia-Mendoza, Ivette; Rendón-Salinas, Eduardo; Alonso, Alfonso; Contreras‐Garduño, Jorge

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106592

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In addition, for each treatment, linear regression curves and the corresponding formulas were estimated to appreciate the enzymes’ kinetics better. The incubation time of the mixture before reading in ELISA may vary depending on the species [ 54 , 55 ]. We decided to incubate the samples for 30 minutes because we observed very low activity of these enzymes during that period in our standardizations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune response of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) when parasitized by Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Contreras-Garduño,

Torres-Enciso,

Ramirez-Romero

2023

PLoS ONE

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In insects, the innate immune system is subdivided into cellular and humoral defenses. When parasitoids attack insects, both reactions can be activated and notably, the phenoloxidase (PO) cascade and lytic activity are part of both cellular and humoral defenses. However, to our knowledge, no study has characterized any immune response of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to the attack of Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to determine whether whitefly nymphs recently parasitized by E. eremicus exhibit any immune response. For this, we estimate the level of prophenoloxidase (proPO), phenoloxidase (PO), and lytic activity by colorimetric assays. A second objective was to assess whether the observed whitefly immune response could be related to a previously reported preference of the predator Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) for non-parasitized nymphs. We therefore offered non-parasitized and recently parasitized nymphs to the predator. Our results show that parasitism of whitefly nymphs by E. eremicus induced a highly estimated level of proPO and PO, and a lower level of lytic activity. In addition, we found that G. punctipes did not show a preference for non-parasitized over recently parasitized nymphs. The nymphs of T. vaporariorum activated the PO pathway against E. eremicus; however, the increase in proPO and PO levels was traded-off with decreased lytic activity. In addition, the previously reported preference for non-parasitized nymphs was not seen in our experiments, indicating that the induced immune response did not affect predator behavior by G. punctipes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%